scholarly journals Financial Intermediation in the Early Roman Empire

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER TEMIN
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Financial Arrangements

I evaluate the effectiveness of financial markets in the early Roman Empire in this article. I review the theory of financial intermediation to describe a hierarchy of financial sources and survey briefly the history of financial intermediation in eighteenth-century Western Europe to provide a standard against which to evaluate the Roman evidence. I then describe the nature of financial arrangements in the early Roman Empire in terms of this hierarchy. This exercise reveals the extent to which the Roman economy resembled more recent societies and sheds light on the prospects for economic growth in the Roman Empire.

Financial Intermediation and Growth: Theory and Some Cross-Country Evidence

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 855-862
Author(s):  
Tayyeb Shabir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Financial Liberalisation ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Well-functioning financial markets can have a positive effect on economic growth by facilitating savings and more efficient allocation of capital. This paper characterises some of the recent theoretical developments that analyse the relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth and presents empirical estimates based on a model of the linkage between financially intermediated investment and growth for two separate groups of countries, developing and advanced. Empirical estimates for both groups suggest that financial intermediation through the efficiency of investment leads to a higher rate of growth per capita. The relevant coefficient estimates show a higher level of significance for the developing countries. This financial liberalisation in the form of deregulation and establishment and development of stock markets can be expected to lead to enhanced economic growth.

The Conditions in Jewish Society in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Middle Decades of the Eighteenth Century

1996 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Gershon David Hundert
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Generational Conflict ◽  
East European ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

This chapter investigates the conditions in Jewish society in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the middle decades of the eighteenth century. The place of hasidism in the religious history of the eighteenth century ought to be reconsidered not only in light of the questions about the schismatic groups in the Orthodox Church raised by Ysander, but also in light of the general revivalist currents in western Europe. The social historian cannot explain hasidism, which belongs to the context of the development of the east European religious mentality in the eighteenth century. Social history does, however, point to some significant questions that ought to be explored further. One of these is the role of youth and generational conflict in the beginnings of the movement, and not only in its beginnings. A realistic recovery of the situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Jewry in the eighteenth century shows that neither the economic nor the security conditions were such as to warrant their use as causal or explanatory factors in the rise and reception of hasidism.

Lead pollution and the Roman economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 354-364
Author(s):  
Damian Pavlyshyn ◽  
Iain Johnstone ◽  
Richard Saller
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Institutional Frameworks ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Somatic Energy

More than a decade ago, the Oxford Roman Economy Project (OXREP)1 and the Cambridge economic history of the Greco-Roman world put the question of the performance of the Roman economy at the center of historical debate, prompting a flood of books and articles attempting to assess the degree of growth in the economy.2 The issue is of sufficient importance that it has figured in the narratives of economists analyzing the impact of institutional frameworks on the potential for growth.3 As the debate has continued, there has been some convergence: most historians would agree that there was some Smithian growth as evidenced by urbanization and trade, while acknowledging that production remained predominantly agricultural and based primarily on somatic energy (i.e., human and animal).4 This is, of course, a very broad framework that does not differentiate the Roman empire from other complex pre-industrial societies. The challenge is to refine the analysis in order to put content into the broad description of “modest though significant growth”5 and to offer a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the economy.

scholarly journals Financial Development And Growth In Middle Eastern Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mounther Barakat ◽  
Edward Waller
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Relationship

This paper studies the relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth in a sample of Middle Eastern countries.  The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a well-functioning banking system promotes economic growth.  Moreover, the results suggest that market-specific factors may hinder financial markets’ ability to play hypothesized roles, while enhancing the role of intermediaries.  The paper’s general conclusion is that financial development does affect economic growth.  However, market specific factors affect the magnitude and significance of this effect.  The implication is that studies should control for market-specific factors to assess the relationship between financial development and growth.

THE HISTORY OF THE«ATLAS OF THE VIRGIN MARY» USEOF THE JESUS SOCIETY IN RUSSIAN ICONOGRAPHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
I.A. AVILOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Dominican Order ◽  
Visual Form ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Stages

The purpose of this study is to form new iconographies as a set of subjects, compositional schemes and their historical features on the example of the list of Our Lady of the Snow image, brought to Eastern Europe by the Dominican Order and distributed with the participation of the Jesus Society. The history of Russian iconography in a generalized form can be represented by two stages, char-acterizing, respectively, the influence on it of the images of the Eastern Roman Empire (earlier than the second half of the 17-th century) and Western Europe (from the second half of the 17-th centu-ry). The Jesus Society plays an important role in this process, or as its representatives later came to be called - the Jesuits. The objectives of the study were to trace the path from the source of icono-graphy in Rome to Eastern Europe, and then consider the examples of the «Joy of All Who Sorrow» in the Russian image of the Mother of God use, including one of the churches of the Orel region. While conducting the research, the historical method is used, in the study of events and processes in dynamics. To consider specific cultural values, the iconological method is used, which makes it possible to present both the visual form and its content in a comprehensive way.

Of Revolutions and the Problem of Choice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Modern Democracy ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Choice Making ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

In the cities of Western Europe and its colonies, the so-called calico-craze of the early eighteenth century helped spawn a new social practice and form of entertainment that came to be known as “going shopping.” This activity, in turn, produced a new attachment to preference determination and choice-making that several prominent historians—in an effort to reconnect the history of capitalism with that of the American and French Revolutions—have seen as fundamental to the turn to the political choice-making that they associate with the birth of modern democracy. This article argues instead for disentangling these developments. On the contrary, the article demonstrates that the individuated, privitized, and indeed commercialized form of choice-making we now typically take as an essential marker of democracy was a product of the late nineteenth century and had little connection to the conception of politics that developed in the Age of Revolutions.

‘A colony so fertile’

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hingley
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Roman Britain ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

In A Specimen of a History of Oxfordshire, the Reverend Thomas Warton reflected on the significance of the Roman pavement at Stonesfield (Oxfordshire) and explored the two main themes which structure chapters three and four: he writes of Roman settlers who migrated with their families to Britain but suggests that wealthy and well-connected Britons might have built villas like the example uncovered at Stonesfield. From the late seventeenth century to the beginning of the twentieth, the debate about the nature of society in Roman Britain drew upon these contrasting images to explain the character of the Roman occupation of southern Britain. Certain writings of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries had developed the idea of the passing on of civility from the Romans to the British, which could be used as a source of patriotic reflection. There was less confidence in this idea during the eighteenth century, when influential works on the Walls and the northern stations promoted a primarily military interpretation of Roman sites in the south. In the introduction to his volume of 1793, Roy presented a thoughtful assessment of contemporary understanding of Roman Britain and emphasized its military nature. Following earlier examples, he divided the monuments of the Roman empire into two types: the public buildings—the temples, amphitheatres, and baths well known to British gentlemen from their visits to Italy—and the military sites. Roy emphasized that, with regard to military remains of Britain ‘perhaps no quarter of their vast empire, not even Italy itself, furnishes so great a variety; and many of them exceedingly perfect’. By contrast, in reflecting on public buildings, he states that ‘Britain affords very few vestiges of any consequence’. Indeed, it is true that, by the late eighteenth century, there was very little published evidence for public buildings to compare with the extensive evidence for the military sites of southern Scotland and northern England. Roy argued, ‘neither is it probable that the Romans ever executed many of those costly edifices in this island’. At the time Roy was writing (c.1773), little excavated evidence had been found for public buildings or ornate architecture anywhere in Britain.

‘SCEPTICISM IN EXCESS’: GIBBON AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHRISTIANITY

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Critical Attitude ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Church ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Intense Debate

Since the appearance of volume I of The decline and fall of the Roman empire in 1776, the religion of Edward Gibbon has been subject to intense debate. He has been variously identified as an atheist, a deist, even as a somewhat detached Christian. Examination of his relations, both personal and scholarly, with the varieties of religion and irreligion current in eighteenth-century Britain leads to the conclusion that he remained resolutely critical of all such positions. He did not share the convictions of dogmatic freethinkers, still less those of determined atheists. The product of a nonjuring family, Gibbon benefited from the scholarly legacy of several high church writers, while maintaining a critical attitude towards the claims of Anglican orthodoxy. It was through the deliberate and ironical adoption of the idiom of via media Anglicanism, represented by such theologians as the clerical historian John Jortin, that Gibbon developed a woundingly sceptical appraisal of the history of the early church. This stance made it as difficult for his contemporaries to identify Gibbon's religion as it has since proved to be for modern historians. Gibbon appreciated the central role of religion in shaping history, but he remained decidedly sceptical as to Christianity's ultimate status as revealed and unassailable truth.

Ethnic Distinctions and Wealth among Colonial Jamaican Merchants, 1685–1716

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-81
Author(s):  
Allan D. Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Caribbean History ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Planter Class

For most of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Jamaica was the center of trade and commerce in the English Caribbean. Its economic growth was influenced little by the planter class, which was slow to develop and would not fully emerge until the mid-eighteenth century (Dunn 1973: 204; Sheridan 1965: 292–311). Jamaica grew prosperous, instead, from a merchant class that mediated international trade on one level and distributed goods to the island's inhabitants on another. It was the capital derived from such trade and commerce that ultimately fueled the island's agricultural revolution (Zahedieh 1986b), because many merchants became affluent from trade and then financed investments in sugar plantations, livestock, and secondary staples (Claypole 1970: 174–95). So, unlike other colonies in the Caribbean, where most capital investment originated in England and was sustained by agriculture, Jamaica's capital was locally generated with predominantly external commodities. The early merchants thus have a prominent position both in the history of the island and in Caribbean history in general.

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