Acquired Resistance to Experimental Heterakis Infections in Chickens and Turkeys: Effect on the Transmission of Histomonas meleagridis

1967 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everett E. Lund
Keyword(s):  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Initial Infection

Attempts were made to induce increased resistance to caecal worm infections in chickens and turkeys by giving 5-week-old birds embryonated Heterakis eggs. To test for such resistance, the birds were challenged 28 days later by feeding comparable numbers of embryonated eggs. To study the possible influence of any response on the transmission of blackhead, some of the birds received Heterakis eggs from worms grown in birds that had blackhead.In blackhead-free chickens there was only a slight reduction in the number of worms recoveied from the initial infection as a result of the superimposed second infection. However, there were 37% fewer worms from the second feeding of eggs than were present in the control birds that had had no previous Heterakis infection. In blackhead-free turkeys, the immunized birds had fewer worms from both doses than did the controls. These reductions averaged about 40% in both instances.

scholarly journals TUBERCULOSIS OF RABBITS INDUCED BY DROPLET NUCLEI INFECTION

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Ratcliffe ◽  
W. F. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Droplet Nuclei ◽  
Initial Lesions

At intervals from 2 to 11 weeks after normal rabbits had inhaled small numbers of virulent bovine tubercle bacilli as separated cells in droplet nuclei, groups of these animals received a single exposure to reinfection during which each animal inhaled about 20,000 separated bacilli. Normal control rabbits which inhaled this large number of bacilli died within 4 weeks thereafter. Their deaths were attributed to destruction of the lungs by developing initial tubercles. Eleven of 12 rabbits which were reinfected within 4 weeks after initial infection seemed to respond as normal animals. Their lungs were largely replaced by developing reinfection tubercles when they died or were killed within 32 days after reinfection. The inflammatory response of the reinfection tubercles was not consistently different from that of initial tubercles, although reinfection tubercles contained fewer bacilli than initial lesions of the same age. Within 5 weeks after initial infection rabbits apparently had developed immunity to reinfection with virulent bovine tubercle bacilli inhaled as separated cells in droplet nuclei. In some of them, however, exposure to massive inhaled reinfection seemed to stimulate the progress of initial infection. It is suggested that in rabbits the development of resistance to tubercle bacilli does not bear a linear relationship to time, but progresses in steps and within 5 weeks after small initial infection by inhalation is adequate to prevent the growth of separated bacilli when these are deposited upon alveolar walls. It is suggested also that the basic effect of acquired resistance of rabbits to tubercle bacilli is inhibition of multiplication of the bacilli.

Use of cortisone derivatives to inhibit resistance to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and to study the fate of parasites in resistant hosts

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget M. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Cortisone Acetate ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Nematode Parasites

Acquired resistance to some nematode parasites can be suppressed by daily administration of cortisone acetate to the host. Cortisone treatment completely suppressed previously acquired resistance of mice to Trichinella spiralis (Coker, 1956) and suppressed, at least partially, the acquisition of resistance to T. spiralis by rats during initial infection (Markell & Lewis, 1957).A previous report (Weinstein, 1955) suggested cortisone acetate treatment was less effective in the suppression of acquired resistance of rats to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Weinstein showed that daily treatment with 2 mg cortisone acetate throughout five immunizing infections and continued during the challenge infection increased the number of worms in the intestine and had a marked effect on the cellular response in the skin and lungs. However, there was no significant effect when daily cortisone treatment commenced only on the fifth day before the challenge infection. This result suggested that acquisition of immunity to N. brasiliensis was partially overcome by cortisone treatment, but the same level of drug treatment had no effect on immunity already acquired.In the experiments reported here, previously acquired resistance to N. brasiliensis was suppressed completely and the initiation of immunity stopped, either completely or at a very early stage, by treatment with the cortisone derivatives prednisolone or betamethasone. The complete suspension of all manifestations of acquired resistance obtained by treatment with these drugs was used to investigate the fate of larvae migrating in an immune host.The rats and strain of parasite, and the methods of handling them, have been described previously (Ogilvie, 1965).

Acquired resistance to experimental infections of Schistosoma mansoni in the albino rat

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Smithers ◽  
R. J. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Host Parasite

The host–parasite relationships of Schistosoma mansoni in the albino rat have been studied recently by Ritchie, Garson & Knight (1963) and by Sadun & Bruce (1964). The general findings of these and other workers are that, in rats, the worms are always stunted, although they may pair and non-viable eggs may be found in the liver. The worms remain in the liver and seldom, if ever, migrate to the mesenteries. Ritchie et al. (1963) found that the majority of the worms were eliminated between the 4th and 8th week after infection; this is much sooner than in other experimental hosts. Sadun & Bruce (1964) suggest that rats are particularly suitable and convenient for studies on acquired resistance to S. mansoni; this suggestion is based mainly on the grounds that acquired resistance is more easily demonstrated in animals which show a relatively great degree of innate resistance.The present work has been undertaken in order to establish whether the immune response in the albino rat is at all similar to that in the rhesus monkey (Smithers & Terry, 1965b). Two features of the host–parasite system have been studied in detail; the elimination of the worms which follows an initial infection and a comparison of the development of acquired resistance following exposure to X-irradiated cercariae with that following exposure to normal cercariae.A Puerto-Rican strain of S. mansoni, and Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 100–200 g, were used in all experiments. The methods of exposing the rats percutaneously to infection and the recovery of the worms by perfusion have been fully described (Smithers & Terry, 1965 a).

Acquired resistance of black mollies Poecilia latipinna to infection by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Parasitology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. I. McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis ◽  
Poecilia Latipinna ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Infection Resistance ◽  
Incomplete Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Infection

SUMMARYChanges in the response of black mollies Poecilia latipinna to infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis subsequent to single I. multifiliis infections were examined experimentally. Incomplete resistance to infection was established, the degree of which did not depend on the intensity of the initial infection. Resistance was maintained for longer periods, however, by those fish with higher initial levels of infection. Previous experience of infection by their hosts had a significant, though small, effect on the time for which trophozoites remained on the fish. The influence of these results on the population dynamics of the Ichthyophthirius-fish interaction is examined with the aid of simple mathematical models.

Probenazole induces systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis with a novel type of action

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Yoshioka ◽  
Hideo Nakashita ◽  
Daniel F. Klessig ◽  
Isamu Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance

Parallel Acquired Resistance Heterogeneity: Novel Patient Derived Synchronous Cell Pair with Distinct Mutations in an ALK-Translocated Lung Adenocarcinoma

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balazs Hegedüs ◽  
Paul Stockhammer ◽  
Till Plönes ◽  
Luca Hegedüs ◽  
Agnes Bankfalvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Cell Pair ◽  
Synchronous Cell

Antistaphylococcal activity of carbonic acid extract of hops

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
V.V. Nevmerzhitsky ◽  
V.Yu. Ivannik ◽  
V.V. Kazmirchuk ◽  
T.N. Moiseenko ◽  
T.A. Volkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Antistaphylococcal Activity ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Main Disadvantage

The fight against staphylococcal infection, increasing the effectiveness of methods of prevention and treatment of diseases of staphylococcal etiology is of interest to scientists and practitioners, both in Ukraine and around the world. The urgency of this problem is growing rapidly, as there is a tendency to increase the resistance of not only staphylococci, but also other gram-positive bacteria. The spread of methicillin-resistant staphylococci restricts the choice of antibiotics for the treatment of diseases of staphylococcal etiology. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common and dangerous type, which is one of the main factors of purulent-inflammatory lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. As a result of mutations, pathogenic staphylococci acquired resistance to antibacterial drugs. The main disadvantage of modern antibiotics is their non-selectivity. As a result of mutations, pathogenic staphylococci acquired resistance to antibacterial drugs. The main disadvantage of modern antibiotics is their non-selectivity. One of the unique and promising medicinal plants, which contains a rich complex of biologically active substances (BAS), is common hops (Humulus lupulus L.). The complex of BAS (flavonoids, hormones, vitamins, bitter, phenolic compounds, essential oils) causes anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, hyposensitizing and analgesic action of hops. The purpose of this work is to determine the antistaphylococcal activity of the carbon dioxide extract of hops and to justify the development on its basis of new antimicrobial agents for the prevention and treatment of infectious and purulent-inflammatory diseases. The following methods were used: microbiological (method of diffusion into agar (well method)) and mathematical and statistical. The high antimicrobial activity of the carbon dioxide extract of hops has been established for museum test strains of the genus Staphylococcus. The results of the studies testify to the prospects of further study of the bactericidal properties of the extract of hops carbon dioxide with the aim of creating effective antimicrobial agents on its basis for the prevention and treatment of infectious and purulent-inflammatory diseases of staphylococcal etiology.

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