scholarly journals The Classification of the Brucella Group: A Systematic Study

1933 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Main Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Serological Method ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Metabolic Properties ◽  
The One

1. A systematic study has been made of 165 Brucella strains from different parts of the world, and a less intensive study, comprising only the H2S formation, dye sensitivity, and agglutinin-absorption tests, of a special group of 156 strains from the north-east, east, and south-east of France.2. For purposes of differentiation little weight can be attached to the use of morphological appearances, abundance of growth in culture, pigment formation, the appearance of crystals in the medium, the production of alkali in peptone water, or the utilisation of glucose.3. The presence of 5–10 per cent, of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is essential for the growth of most freshly isolated bovine abortus strains. This concentration frequently favours the growth of melitensis, though not of porcine abortus, strains. A concentration of 40 per cent. CO2 almost invariably inhibits to some extent the growth of melitensis and porcine abortus strains, and frequently inhibits the growth of bovine abortus strains. It may be concluded that, while the inhibition of growth of a given strain by 40 per cent. CO2 cannot be considered of differential value, the fact that growth in 40 per cent. CO2 is as good as, or better than, that in air is definitely in favour of its being of bovine abortus type, while the occurrence of growth in 10–40 per cent. CO2 but not in air almost certainly indicates that the strain belongs to this type.4. Most bovine abortus, para-abortus, and American porcine abortus strains produce H2S freely for 3 or 4 days, while melitensis, paramelitensis, and Danish porcine abortus strains fail to produce any, or more than a small quantity on the first day only. Though the failure of a given strain to produce H2S cannot be regarded as indicating that it is of melitensis, paramelitensis, or Danish porcine abortus type, the definite production of H2S can be considered as very strong evidence that it is of bovine abortus or American porcine abortus type.5. The dye sensitivity method, introduced by Huddleson, is of very real value in differentiation, and is the only certain method available for distinguishing between the bovine and porcine abortus types. By its means it is possible to divide Brucella strains into three main groups—bovine abortus and para-abortus, porcine abortus, and melitensis and paramelitensis. Not all strains, however, within a given group behave alike, and a number of sub-groups can be established on the basis of special sensitivity to one or more dyes. The method not infrequently yields results that demand considerable experience in their interpretation, and it cannot always be relied upon for the correct typing of individual strains.6. The thermo-agglutination test is one of the simplest methods of detecting antigenic roughness. Any strain that fails to react negatively to this test is unsuitable for the production of smooth antiserum or for use in routine diagnostic agglutination work.7. The agglutinin-absorption method, performed by a strictly quantitative technique, enables a differentiation to be made between bovine and porcine abortus strains on the one hand, and melitensis strains on the other, provided that smooth strains are employed both for the preparation of antisera and for absorption. The use of direct agglutination by monospecific abortus and melitensis sera affords a rapid and accurate means of typing individual strains, and may prove of value in the examination of strains which, while partly rough and unsuitable for absorption experiments, still retain sufficient smooth antigen to be agglutinated by one or other serum. It is also of great service in the detection of mixed strains. Both methods yield identical results.8. In the examination of the main group of strains the serological method proved more valuable than any other method in the correct allocation of individual strains, and the results agreed closely with those afforded by the dye method. In the examination, however, of the special group of strains from the north-east, east, and south-east of France, there was frequently a marked disagreement between the results of the H2S and dye tests on the one hand, and the serological method on the other, the chief divergence being that a number of strains reacting by the former methods as melitensis behaved serologically like abortus. It appears as if, in this particular area of France, strains occur having the metabolic properties of melitensis and the antigenic constitution of abortus.9. A study of the main group of strains by the various methods enumerated enabled them to be classified into the following groups: (a) bovine abortus with five sub-groups, (b) porcine abortus with two sub-groups, (c) melitensis with two sub-groups, (d) para-abortus with two sub-groups, and (e) paramelitensis.10. A study of the special group of strains from the eastern districts of France revealed the presence of ten sub-groups. Since it is rather doubtful to what main group many of the strains belong, they have been classified according to the host from which they were isolated.

Some Littoral Sites of Early Post-Glacial Times Located in North Ireland

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. T. Burchell
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The One ◽  
Culture Sequence

In 1931 I described two newly-discovered stone age industries of post-glacial age situated in north-east Ireland which had been made by myself and worked in conjunction with my friend C. Blake Whelan: the one from the Lower Estuarine Clay on Islandmagee, and the other from what is probably a fluviatile gravel intercalated between the Upper and Lower Estuarine Clays in the raised-beach formation at Cushendun.The former of these cultures has its counterpart in the blade industry beneath alluvium in the Orwell Estuary at Ipswich, Suffolk; whilst the latter finds its parallel in the raised-beach at Campbeltown in Argyllshire, Scotland. Adopting the familiar culture-sequence of Central Europe I had previously designated these two groups as phases of the Magdalenian period, but, in order to avoid confusion between the time-periods and the nomenclature of continental cultures, I have decided to base my chronology of the north Irish industries upon the natural changes of climate revealed by a study of the deposits in which they were found. The industries to be described below were contemporary with the Mesolithic Forest Cultures distinguished by Childe and Clark over the plain of northern Europe.

The Underground Structure of Eastern England

1927 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Rastall
Keyword(s):  
Underground Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Shape ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
General Line ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
The One ◽  
Southern Flank

The foregoing sketch brings out marked resemblances in the geological features of eastern and southern England on the one hand, and the neighbouring parts of the continent on the other. In both areas we find an old plateau of pre-Devonian rocks, against which Devonian and Carboniferous rocks are violently thrust from the south by Armorican and Variscan folds, giving rise to highly complex coal-basins in Belgium, France and Somerset, a type of structure possibly to be encountered in the future in Kent. In Belgium this plateau sinks to the north-east under the Campine coalfield, while in England its north-west margin is complicated by the incidence of posthumous folds of Charnian strike.In eastern England, east of the Charnwood line, there is evidence for the existence of Professor Kendall's Willoughby axis, with north-west strike; between this and the Charnwood line there are indications of similar parallel buried trend-lines in the folding and faulting of the visible Yorks-Derby-Notts coalfield, and also, as suggested by Professor Fearnsides, in the general shape of this basin.Further to the north, however, the general line of the Cleveland and Market Weighton axes is not Charnian, being about west 5° north. The Market Weighton axis, which is of Charnian type, with many repeated movements, does not form the boundary of the coalfield; this is in fact constituted by the southern flank of the broad Cleveland uplift, which is of Wealden type; an anticline superposed on an earlier sinking area.

Evidence for a New Major Fault in North-East England

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Geological Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Major Fault ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

The Magnesian Limestone of England forms a comparatively narrow outcrop stretching southwards for about 150 miles from South Shields to Nottingham. At either end the formation is fairly well known from the many quarries and sections opened up in the industrial areas of East Durham on the one hand and South Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire on the other. Away from these regions, however, our knowledge is scanty, and particularly so in the North Riding of Yorkshire, in the tract of country between the rivers Tees and Swale. Information is lacking mainly because the district is so thickly covered with Glacial and Recent deposits that, except at the extreme ends of this Tees-Swale stretch, rock is nowhere exposed. All the way from the Darlington country down to Catterick and beyond, for sheer lack of evidence the Trias—Magnesian Limestone boundary was assumed to be of normal, unfaulted character, but all was so uncertain that any borings in the area were likely to prove invaluable. How invaluable will be gathered from the following account of two recent bores, which throws an entirely new light, not only on the geological structure but also on the stratigraphy of this obscure region.

scholarly journals Relative and Conditional Clause Constructions in Ìyàgbà Dialect

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Akintoye Oluwole Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Complementary Distribution ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Dialect ◽  
The One ◽  
Yoruba Language

Relative Clause has been discussed as a subordinate clause used to qualify a noun. It narrows down the meaning of the noun it qualifies. A relative clause marker tí is inserted to accomplish the noun qualified having coded in the sentence initially in Yoruba language  on the one hand. On the other hand, a conditional clause in Yoruba language is introduced with tí-clause by coding it in the sentence initially as well.  The paper focuses on relative clause and conditional clause constructions in the Ìyàgbà dialect of Yoruba; a regional dialect in the north-east Yoruba. The author observes that though there are many scholarly works on the relative and conditional clause constructions in the Yoruba language, attention has not been paid to the relative and conditional clause constructions in the dialects of Yoruba. The data were collected from the informants from these dialect communities who reside in these communities and speak the dialects fluently, and the literature materials on these topics. The data presentation shall be based on descriptive analysis.  Findings reveal that relative clause markers in the Ìyàgbà dialect are in complementary distribution; they occur in an exclusive environment. Apart from that, conditional clause markers are not attested in the dialect.

scholarly journals Three Vaulted Basilicas in Cyprus

1946 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Megaw
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Coast ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Village

Sir George Hill, in his History of Cyprus, refers to a group of early churches in the Island in the following passage: ‘It seems improbable that any important buildings can have been put up during the periods of the Arab raids, that is, from the middle of the eighth century to 965. Churches, for instance, like those at Aphendrika, which have been attributed on the one hand to the sixth or seventh century, on the other to the “Romanesque,” would not have been built at a time when the population of places like Ayios Philon and Lambousa was moving inland to escape the raiders. Whether the earlier or the later date is to be preferred must be left to the specialists.' In a footnote, he recorded my own opinion that the vaulted basilicas of the Aphendrika type should be dated after the Byzantine reconquest. The purpose of this article is to present some evidence in support of that opinion. It concerns three ruined churches, all in the village lands of Rizokarpaso: the Panayia and Asomatos churches at Aphendrika, the site, which Hogarth identified as Urania, near the north coast 5 miles north-east of the village, and the Panayia at Sykha, some 6 miles south-west of the village, on the south side of the Karpas peninsula.

II.—Note on the Recent Volcanic Eruption in New Zealand

1886 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 398-402
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
Wide Zone ◽  
White Island

The “Lake District” of the North Island is too well known to all students of volcanic phenomena, especially of that branch comprising hydrothermal action, to need a detailed description. It will be sufficient to say that it forms a belt, crossing the island from north-east to south-west, and forms a portion of the Middle and Upper Waikato Basins of Hochstetter. The district has been recently brought into prominent notice by the disastrous eruption of Mount Tarawera, very full accounts of which have appeared in New Zealand papers lately received. The eruption commenced in the early morning of Thursday, June 10th, but premonitory symptoms showed themselves a few days before in a tidal wave, three feet high, on Lake Tarawera, great uneasiness of the springs at Ohinemutu, and the reported appearance of smoke issuing from Euapehu, the highest of the great trachytic cones at the extreme south-westerly end of the system. The belt of activity extends from Mount Tongariro at the one end to White Island, in the Bay of Plenty, at the other, a distance of about 150 miles. White Island has undergone considerable change from volcanic action during recent years, and Tongariro was last in eruption in July, 1871; whilst its snowclad sister cone Euapehu has never manifested volcanic action within the historic period until now. This wide zone in the centre of the North Island has, ever since the arrival of the Maoris, been the scene of such extraordinary phenomena, that it has of late been the resort of visitors from all quarters of the globe.

Ugliness and Beauty: the Politics of Landscape in Walter Greenwood's Love on the Dole

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Claire Warden
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Working Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
North West ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
Open Fields

The multi-spatial landscape of the North-West of England (Manchester–Salford and the surrounding area) provides the setting for Walter Greenwood's 1934 play Love on the Dole. Both the urban industrialized cityscape and the rural countryside that surrounds it are vital framing devices for the narrative – these spaces not simply acting as backdrops but taking on character roles. In this article Claire Warden reads the play's presentation of the North through the concept of landscape theatre, on the one hand, and Raymond Williams's city–country dialogism on the other, claiming that Love on the Dole is imbued with the revolutionary possibility that defines the very landscape in which it is set. From claustrophobic working-class kitchen to the open fields of Derbyshire, Love on the Dole has a sense of spatial ambition in which Greenwood regards all landscapes as tainted by the industrial world while maintaining their capacity to function independently. Ugliness and beauty, capitalist hegemony and socialistic hopefulness reside simultaneously in this important under-researched example of twentieth-century British theatre, thereby reflecting the ambivalent, shifting landscape of the North and producing a play that cannot be easily defined artistically or politically. Claire Warden is a Lecturer in Drama at the University of Lincoln. Her work focuses on peripheral British performances in the early to mid-twentieth century. She is the author of British Avant-Garde Theatre (Palgrave MacMillan, 2012) and is currently writing Modernist and Avant-Garde Performance: an Introduction for Edinburgh University Press, to be published in 2014.

scholarly journals Fashion industry, innovation and intellectual property / Indústria da moda, inovação e propriedade intelectual

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Maristela Basso
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Norm ◽  
Fashion Design ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
North Americans ◽  
The North ◽  
The One

Bearing in mind the absence of specific legal norm on “fashion design” and the lack of expertise of ourjudges, Brazilian courts have recognized some degree of protection for designs granted by the fashion industry.They do not deny protection, as the North Americans who exclude the utilitarian aspects, nor even declarerights as vast as in French law. The trend of the judged in Brazil is in an intermediate position. That is, they aimto encourage innovation, on the one hand, and on the other, limit copying, requiring incremental elements toprovide protection.

The Stanwick Excavations, 1951. Interim Report

1952 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. M. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
Hadrian's Wall

In the parishes of Stanwick St. John and Forcett-with-Carkin, eight miles north of Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire, are more than six miles of rampart and ditch, forming a complex of enclosures of a very remarkable kind. Since Leland's day they have been a sufficiently notorious archaeological problem, but their size and remoteness on the one hand, and possibly the counter-attractions of Hadrian's Wall on the other, have combined to deter analytical investigation of them.

FORMATION OF THE GENRE OF THE STORY IN THE CHERKESS LITERATURE: IDELOGICAL GUIDES AND THEMATIC REFERENCES

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 219-288
Author(s):  
M.A. KHAKUASHEVA ◽  
◽  
L.B. KHAVZHOKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
The North ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
The One ◽  
Artistic Analysis

The article examines some of the issues of the formation and evolution of the genre of the story in Circassian literature. The relevance of the study is due, on the one hand, to the insufficient development of the stated topic, on the other hand, to the need to identify trends in the development of national prose, starting from the problems of its genesis. In the center of research attention is the ideological and thematic orientation of the Circassian story mainly of the initial stage of evolution, i.e. Soviet era. In particular, the author examines the stories of S. Temirov, I. Amirokov, M. Adamokov, H. Gashokov and others, who laid the foundations of the genre in Circassian literature. During the indicated period, the Circassian tale was the first attempt to comprehend the problems of collective farms, youth brigades, the Soviet attitude to work, the range of urgent problems of young people, their aspirations, the formation of the criteria of Soviet morality. It also reflects various aspects of the Great Patriotic War, mainly as a war for independence. The research uses the method of artistic analysis. The results obtained can be used in compiling special courses on Adyghe (Kabardino-Circassian) prose, writing the history of the literature of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

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