scholarly journals Dynamics of infection of the blood stream and internal organs of white mice withSalmonella typhiby intraperitoneal injection

1962 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gerichter ◽  
D. L. Boros
Keyword(s):  
Blood Count ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Gradual Decrease ◽  
Bacterial Concentration ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Second Peak

An LD 50 doseS. typhi(strain Ty was injected intraperitoneally into white mice, and the number of micro-organisms was determined after 1 min. and subsequently, in the blood, and after 3 hr. and subsequently, in the spleen and liver. The course of the infection was observed for 34 days.The number of bacteria gradually increased in the blood stream during the first post-infective hours. It was possible to differentiate by external signs from the sixth post-infective hour and onwards between sick animals and recovering ones. This difference corresponded to the bacterial concentration in the blood stream and internal organs.In the sick animals the increase in the bacterial count of blood stream continued till 9–10 hr. after the inoculation, when it reached its first peak. During the following 8 hr. a clear decrease in the blood count was evident which was attributed to the ‘clearing mechanism’ of the blood. The onset of a new bacterial rise in the blood stream appeared 18 hr. after the inoculation and reached a second peak during the further 6–8 hr.In contrast to the observed decrease in the bacterial blood count, a steady and gradual increase in the count of the internal organs was seen; it was steadily progressive till the exitus.In the recovering animals a steady decrease in the bacterial blood count was recorded. Between 24 and 26 hr. the number of micro-organisms in the blood and spleen was found to be 400 times less in the recovering animals than in the moribund ones. From 48 hr. and onwards a slow and gradual decrease in the bacterial count of the surviving animals was observed. The blood became sterile after 25 days. In the spleen and liver of the surviving animals after 48 hr. a new increase in the bacterial count is evident, accompanied by hyperplasia of the spleen. The number of bacteria reached a new peak in the liver on the third day and in the spleen on the fourth day after the infection.Subsequently a slow and gradual decrease in the bacterial count was observed in both organs, but even after 34 days a small number of persisting bacteria in the spleen and liver tissue may be found.

scholarly journals Bacteriological aspects of air-conditioning plants

1968 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Whyte
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Bacterial Concentration ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Critical Zones ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Fair Degree

An investigation was carried out into the bacteriological performance of three air-conditioning plants in a hospital ward. Two of these plants had the facility for recirculating part of the ward air.An equation has been derived comparing the concentration of bacteria which would be expected to be given off by the humidifiers in the ventilation system, with the concentration of bacteria in the recirculatory tank. The bacterial particles given off by these humidifiers were of nuclei droplet size, and were found to penetrate the filters used with a fair degree of ease. Although the number of bacteria in the humidifier water remained insignificant with a constant overflow of water into the recirculatory tank, on one occasion a build-up of bacteria was demonstrated when the overflow ceased. For hospital use humidifiers of a non-recirculatory type should be used.The concentration of bacteria on the surface of the recirculatory ducts was assessed, as also were those on the surface of the supply ducts under full fresh air and recirculation. The concentration of bacteria in the supply ducts was low and the use of terminal filters was not merited, although care should be taken to prevent the build-up of bacteria in inlet grills and diffusers. The bacterial concentration in the exhaust ducts was found to be quite high. It was therefore thought that in critical areas, where the ventilation plant may be shut off, the use of some device to prevent reversed air flow may be necessary.The count of various types of micro-organisms in the fresh air and two-thirds recirculated air are given along with their size distribution. The results of the effect of filtration on the concentration of bacterial particles throughout the air-conditioning plant is given under full fresh air and recirculation. These concentrations appear quite satisfactory. It was found that one set of filters had been overgrown by mould because of free water being brought over from the humidifier. Measures have been suggested to overcome this. When primary or prefinal filtration was approximately 90% efficient to Aloxite 50 (B.S. 2831 Test Dust no. 2) it was demonstrated that a fair approximation to the final filtration figure could be obtained by reference to the quoted efficiency of the final filter to Aloxite 50. After similar primary filtration it was demonstrated that the final filtration of filters against recirculated and fresh air was approximately the same. Owing to the higher number ofStaph. aureusin recirculated air, higher efficiency filtration may be required.Standards of filtration efficiency for critical and non-critical zones are suggested.

THE ACCURACY OF THE PLATING METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE NUMBERS OF SOIL BACTERIA, ACTINOMYCES, AND FUNGI IN THE DILUTION PLATED

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (3) ◽  
pp. 72-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman James ◽  
Marjorie L. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Poisson Series ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
Successive Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Data Yield ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Abnormal Variation ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

During the crop seasons of 1936, 1937, and 1938, 1465 samples of field soil, held in the laboratory one day after crushing, were plated by the recognized technique in four replicates of one dilution for counts of fungi, and of a higher dilution for counts of bacteria and of actinomyces. A χ2 value was calculated for each set or counts. These values for each group of micro-organisms were distributed into classes, and the number in each class was compared with the theoretical for the Poisson series. The data for each year indicate that the fungal counts conform to expectancy on the basis of random sampling, and show that the method provides a reasonably accurate estimate of the population in the dilution plated capable of developing under the conditions of growth. Too many sets of counts of bacteria in each year yield high χ2 values. The counts of actinomyces conform to expectancy.In an attempt to determine the cause of this abnormality for sets of counts of bacteria, samples were plated on the afternoon of the day they were taken from the field. Three hundred and four samples plated in six replicates of one dilution, and another 100 samples plated in four replicates, yield χ2 values whose distributions conform to expectancy. Accordingly, the plate method provides a satisfactory estimate of the bacterial population of soil in the dilution plated if the procedure is carried out within six hours after sampling. Data on 88 samples plated on the day of sampling, on 88 samples held one day, on 88 samples held two to five days, and on 88 samples held eight to thirteen days show that the discrepancy between the actual and theoretical distributions of χ2 values becomes progressively greater at each successive period of holding the samples. Further, the data indicate that the area sampled, the season, the medium used and the technique of plating bear no relation to the abnormal variation in counts of bacteria on replicate plates.A record was kept of the presence of abnormal types of bacterial colonies and various genera of fungi on all plates from 468 samples plated one day after sampling and crushing during 1938. The data show that sets having pin-point colonies or spreading colonies of the Mucorales on one or more plates usually have high χ2 values. Counts on such plates should be excluded from the estimate of the mean number of bacteria in the sample. Likewise, the number of actinomyces colonies on each plate from these samples was recorded. The χ2 values for these counts were found to conform to expectancy, indicating that the factor or factors associated with a large number of high χ2 values for counts of bacteria does not affect the count of actinomyces in the same way.Percentage moisture and P values corresponding to χ2 values for the counts of bacteria obtained each year were correlated. The data yield coefficients that are not significant in each case.

scholarly journals The dissemination of Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B through the organs of the white mouse by oral infection

1960 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Gerichter
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Oral Infection ◽  
White Mouse ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Intraperitoneal Route ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Micro Organisms

A dose of 5 × 109S. typhi (strain Ty2) and S. paratyphi B (strain HB3) administered to white mice orally, caused an infection of various organs of the mouse, namely: spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, gall-bladder, mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunum and of the blood stream. The percentage of infected spleens was higher than that of other organs.With the above-mentioned dose of Ty2, the infection of the liver was found to be five times higher than that of the gall-bladder. The infection of the latter lasted for about 8–9 days, whereas that of the liver for 18–19 days.The bacteria appeared in the various organs: liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs in about 2 min. after oral infection, and in the blood stream after about 20 sec.The speed and intensity of the invasion of micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood stream depends neither upon the volume of the dose (0·5 ml. or 0·1 ml.), nor upon the content of the mouse's stomach.The M.I.D. for the blood stream of the mouse by oral infection is about 5 × 105 bacteria for Ty2, HB3 and AH6.In blood samples collected by cardiac puncture 2–3 min. after oral infection, an average of 5 × 102 micro-organisms/ml. blood was found. The count of bacteria increased and reached its peak after 20 min. (about 3 × 103 bacteria). After that period, the number decreased: 1·6 × 103 after 1 hr., 8 × 102 after 2 hr. and 1·7 × 102 after 3 hr. In spite of this considerable decrease, the blood did not became sterile until after several days.In the infected spleen (by oral infection) an inverse process was observed: at the beginning only a small number of micro-organisms was found (about 5 × 10/100 mg. spleen), but afterwards the number of bacteria increased (1·2 × 102 after 24 hr. and 5 × 102 after 4 days).In mice infected by the subcutaneous route with a dose of 5 × 109 bacteria, the number of micro-organisms in the blood stream did not differ significantly from that found after oral infection, whereas infection by intraperitoneal route caused a severe infection. When 5 × 107 micro-organisms (LD50) were administered by intraperitoneal route, 107 bacteria appeared in the blood stream of the moribund mice while in the spleen about 4·1 × 107 were found.The author wishes to express his appreciation to Prof. I. Gurewitch and to Dr R. Rozansky from the Department of Clinical Microbiology, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, for their advice and criticism.

scholarly journals Bacterial enzymatic activity and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments from Boa Viagem Beach (Guanabara Bay)

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Mirian Crapez ◽  
José Antonio Baptista Neto ◽  
M. G. S. Bispo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Carbon Turnover ◽  
Guanabara Bay ◽  
Organic Matter Quality ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

This study focuses on the quality of the organic matter that reaches the sediment from Boa Viagem Beach and through the evaluation of the total bacterial count, the electron transport system activity (ETSA), the esterase activity (EST), as well as the protein and the organic matter contents. Seasonal variations of organic matter, protein content and the number of bacteria were particularly notable in the summer. ETSA reached a maximum of 7.48 µl O2 h-1 g-1 in the summer. EST activity presented a different pattern once it reached a maximum of 0.17 µg fluorescein h-1 g-1 in the winter. The temporal variation of ETSA and EST activity indicated that biopolymers predominated in the winter, and oligomers or monomers predominated in the summer. These results suggest that organic carbon turnover is more likely to be controlled by organic matter quality. The heavy metals concentrations, especially for Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr, indicated absence of the inhibition of dehydrogenase activity, and they are not bioavailable in the EC50 values

scholarly journals Virulence factors in streptococcal infective endocarditis

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Derek W S Harty
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Streptococcus Anginosus ◽  
Streptococcus Oralis ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Micro Organisms

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life threatening, endovascular infection occurring when bacteria enter the blood stream and adhere to heart valves. Mortality rates remain in the range of 11-27%. The most common infecting micro-organisms are now the staphylococci (44%) although streptococci (31%) and particularly the oral streptococci (21%) are still major causative agents. Many different oral streptococci have been isolated from IE cases, the most common being Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus anginosus group and mutans streptococci.

scholarly journals Dynamics of clinical and laboratory indicators in serious patients and deaths with new coronavirus infection of COVID-19 under treatment of 8 mg dexamethasone

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
V.I. Trykhlib ◽  
T.I. Lysenko ◽  
A.O. Yeroshenko ◽  
О.S. Martynchuk ◽  
K.P. Bieliaieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Level ◽  
Gradual Decrease ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Creatine Phosphokinase Level ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Over Time

The article provides a review of the literature on the effectiveness of glucocorticoids in viral infections, including the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. The results of our research of the dynamics of laboratory parameters in patients who recovered and those who died are presented. The average age of patients who received 8 mg of dexamethasone and recovered was less than that of the deceased. The average day on which the patients were hospitalized in the ICU and who received 8 mg of dexamethasone in both groups was the same (on average on day 7). It is noteworthy that in patients who recovered, the febrile temperature was more often recorded before hospitalization, while in those who died it was more often subfebrile. The temperature during hospitalization in all categories of patients was on average at subfebrile numbers. The respiratory rate on admission in all categories of patients did not differ significantly and on average was about 19/min (up to 20/min was in 50 % of patients who recovered and 58.3 % of those who died). Those who recovered were more likely to have a normal heart rate on admission, but tachycardia was less common than within those who died. In patients who subsequently died, lower saturation levels were more often recorded upon admission. In the first 3 days after hospitalization, in patients who recovered and received 8 mg of dexamethasone, leukocytosis and granulocytosis were recorded more often; there was an increased number of stab neutrophils and the number of patients with it. The patients who subsequently died more often developed leukopenia, more pronounced lymphopenia with an increased quantity of patients with it; they presented more pronounced thrombocytopenia (the number of patients with it did not differ from those who recovered), higher erythrocyte sedation rate. In patients who subsequently died, during the observation period, there was a gradual increase in the number of leukocytes, but a gradual decrease in the number of lymphocytes, the creatine phosphokinase level increased from the 7th–9th days of hospitalization; on days 4–6 of hospitalization, the lactate dehydrogenase level significantly increased with its subsequent decline to a level that was greater than this in patients who recovered. Initially. The patients who recovered had an increase in leukocytes with their subsequent gradual decrease, a gradual increase in the level of lymphocytes, a decrease in the level of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase. In all categories of patients, a gradual decrease in the number of stab neutrophils was observed over time, a gradual increase in the number of platelets was also observed over time, but in those who recovered their level was slightly higher; in both groups, an increase in the urea level was observed over time, but in those who died its level from day 7 and later was significantly higher than in those who recovered; in patients in both groups, an increase in the level of creatinine was observed over time, but in those who died, its level from day 7 and later was significantly higher than in those who recovered; both groups showed a decrease in C-reactive protein over time, but those who died from the very beginning of their hospital stay and during all follow-up periods had higher levels than those who recovered.

scholarly journals Optimización del tratamiento térmico para la inducción al desove de Argopecten purpuratus (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Jhon Dionicio-Acedo ◽  
Alison Cabrera-Simon ◽  
Maryandrea Rosado-Salazar ◽  
Arturo Aguirre-Velarde
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Gradual Decrease ◽  
Argopecten Purpuratus

Based on methodologies currently used in commercial hatcheries, four thermic treatments were compared to induce the gametes expulsion of Argopecten purpuratus. The treatments evaluated included: 1) gradual increase in temperature, 2) gradual decrease, 3) 5 °C thermal-shock, 4) 10 °C thermal-shock and 5) control at constant temperature 16 °C. After induction, the number of fertilized oocytes in each treatment was estimated. The results show that a gradual increase in temperature between 16 and 26 °C causes a significantly higher proportion of fertilized oocytes compared to other treatments.

scholarly journals Effects of Probiotic Dosage on Water Quality, Total Count of Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in Eel Anguilla bicolor Cultivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Bambang Triyatmo ◽  
Rustadi ◽  
Alim Isnansetyo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Fiber Glass ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Average Body

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of probiotic dosage on water quality, total number of Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp., in eel (Anguilla sp.) cultivation. Experiment was conducted by using fiber glass tanks (1x1 m2) with 800 L water volume. Eel fingerling with 50 g average body weight were stocked at a density of 20 eel/tank in triplicates. Observation was conducted on total number of bacteria and water quality. The results indicated that the total bacterial count increased gradually by the time of cultivation with highest density of 1.49x107 cfu/mL. Probiotics at a dose of 40 mL/tank weekly increased the total count of bacterial cells in water. Probiotic application was able to decrease the total number of both Aeromonas spp. from 1.95 x 105 to 5.44 x 104 cfu/mL, and Pseudomonas spp. from 3.57 x 104 to 8.1 x 103 cfu/mL. Water quality during this study was not significantly affected by the application of probiotic. This result suggested that the application of proper dose probiotics suppresses Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. cells density in water, and might decrease the bacterial infections in eel culture.

scholarly journals Bacteria Associated with the Tannery Effluent and their Alkaline Protease Activities

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihir Lal Saha ◽  
K. J. M. Hashina Begum ◽  
Mahbubar Rahman Khan ◽  
Donald James Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Protease ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Proteolytic Activities ◽  
Key Words Bacteria ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Samples collected from different stages of the tannery processing were found to be alkaline. A good number of bacteria were found to be associated with the different stages of leather processing. The aerobic heterotrophic bacterial count ranged in between 11.9 × 106 and 46.7 × 106. The highest count was observed in the soaking stage and the minimum was found with the bating stage. Among 40 isolates, 31 showed positive proteolytic activities on different protein based media. Identified organisms were Bacillus subtilis (9), B. licheniformis (6), B. alcalophilus (2), B. badius (2), B. cereus (2), B. circulans (2), B. pumilus (2), B. alvei (1), B. brevis (1), B. coagulans (1), B. megaterium (1), B. polymyxa (1) and Micrococcus varians (1). Proteolytic activity was measured as zone ratio on skim milk agar which was found to be in between 1.5 and 5.8. Higher zone ratio was observed in B. subtilis (TS/1/E), B. pumilus (TS/1/S1/A3 and TD/S2/C3), B. licheniformis (TS/1/Q) and B.  badius (TD/21-D). The alkaline protease production by the nine selected isolates ranged in between 7.1 and 119.3 U/ml. Two isolates of B. pumilus (TS/1/S1/A3 and TD/S2/C3) were found to be good alkaline protease producers (119.3 and 94.8 U/ml) among the tested organisms. Biotechnologically these two isolates or their enzymes could be utilized in the tannery industry.   Key words: Bacteria, tannery, effluent, alkaline protease   D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9563   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 53-61, 2011 (June)

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