Effects of Probiotic Dosage on Water Quality, Total Count of Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in Eel Anguilla bicolor Cultivation

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of probiotic dosage on water quality, total number of Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp., in eel (Anguilla sp.) cultivation. Experiment was conducted by using fiber glass tanks (1x1 m2) with 800 L water volume. Eel fingerling with 50 g average body weight were stocked at a density of 20 eel/tank in triplicates. Observation was conducted on total number of bacteria and water quality. The results indicated that the total bacterial count increased gradually by the time of cultivation with highest density of 1.49x107 cfu/mL. Probiotics at a dose of 40 mL/tank weekly increased the total count of bacterial cells in water. Probiotic application was able to decrease the total number of both Aeromonas spp. from 1.95 x 105 to 5.44 x 104 cfu/mL, and Pseudomonas spp. from 3.57 x 104 to 8.1 x 103 cfu/mL. Water quality during this study was not significantly affected by the application of probiotic. This result suggested that the application of proper dose probiotics suppresses Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. cells density in water, and might decrease the bacterial infections in eel culture.

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Bacterial enzymatic activity and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments from Boa Viagem Beach (Guanabara Bay)

Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ ◽

10.11137/2003_0_60-68 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 60-68

Author(s):

Mirian Crapez ◽

José Antonio Baptista Neto ◽

M. G. S. Bispo

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Carbon Turnover ◽

Guanabara Bay ◽

Organic Matter Quality ◽

Number Of Bacteria

This study focuses on the quality of the organic matter that reaches the sediment from Boa Viagem Beach and through the evaluation of the total bacterial count, the electron transport system activity (ETSA), the esterase activity (EST), as well as the protein and the organic matter contents. Seasonal variations of organic matter, protein content and the number of bacteria were particularly notable in the summer. ETSA reached a maximum of 7.48 Âµl O2 h-1 g-1 in the summer. EST activity presented a different pattern once it reached a maximum of 0.17 Âµg fluorescein h-1 g-1 in the winter. The temporal variation of ETSA and EST activity indicated that biopolymers predominated in the winter, and oligomers or monomers predominated in the summer. These results suggest that organic carbon turnover is more likely to be controlled by organic matter quality. The heavy metals concentrations, especially for Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr, indicated absence of the inhibition of dehydrogenase activity, and they are not bioavailable in the EC50 values

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Effect of additions of liquid poultry manure on excretion of degradative enzymes by bacteria in forest soil and litter

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m79-198 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 1258-1263 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lester Hankin ◽

George R. Stephens ◽

David E. Hill

Keyword(s):

Poultry Manure ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Extracellular Proteases ◽

White Pine ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

Forest Sites ◽

Degradative Enzymes ◽

And Control ◽

Number Of Bacteria

Liquid poultry manure was applied to three forest sites at 35, 70, and 225 metric tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg) per hectare (1 ha = 10 000 m2) for 1 to 3 years. Two of the sites were white pine plantations, one dry, one moist, and the third site was mixed hardwoods. Over a period of 35 months the total bacterial population in litter and in soil, in both control and manure plots, was studied as well as the ability of the population to produce extracellular proteases, cellulases, lipases, pectinases, and amylases. Total bacterial counts in litter tended to be higher in the autumn and lower in the spring. Litter always contained about 10-fold more bacteria than soil and the number of bacteria in soil fluctuated little with season or treatment. In white pine litter, bacteria able to excrete protease were more numerous than other enzyme-producing bacteria. More bacteria able to excrete lipases were found on moist than on dry sites, especially on manured plots. At the end of the 35-month test period, all bacterial counts in manured plots had returned nearly to the original level of the control. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in total bacterial count and counts of specific enzyme producers between manured and control plots. Little difference was seen among rates of manure application. Adding large amounts of poultry manure to these forest plots did not greatly change the bacterial ecology of the soil or litter.

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APPLICATION OF THE OXIDASE TEST TO REFRIGERATED DELICATESSEN FOODS

Journal of Milk and Food Technology ◽

10.4315/0022-2747-32.4.122 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 122-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lester Hankin ◽

William W. Ullmann

Keyword(s):

Food Processing ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Total Count ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Retail Outlets ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Oxidase Test ◽

Mold Count ◽

Interpretation Of Results

A total bacterial count, oxidase count, coliform, and yeast and mold count was made on each of 135 samples of delicatessen foods collected at retail outlets and food processing plants. Analysis of the data obtained, primarily through correlation of the total count, oxidase and coliform counts, allowed for an assessment of possible sources of bacterial contamination. The importance of the oxidase test is stressed since delicatessen foods may be contaminated by psychrophilic pseudomonads and this test offers a rapid measure of such contamination. Interpretation of results obtained on any one sample are explained.

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Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.9.4.600-607 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 600-607

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Total Count ◽

Most Probable Number ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Faecal Coliforms ◽

Probable Number ◽

Ecological Changes ◽

Faecal Streptococci

Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs were studied during the period from February 2001 to January 2002, samples were collected from four stations in AL-Habania reservoir (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir) and from two stations at AL-Tharthar reservoir (Ein AL-Hilwa and the middle of the reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, faecal Streptococci and total count of bacteria were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters of both reservoirs through calculating the most probable number. Highest count of Coliform bacteria (15000 cell/100ml) was recorded at Ein AL-Hilwa and lowest count at AL-Theban regulator and middle of AL-Tharthar reservoirs and reached (400 cell/100ml), faecal Coliform bacteria ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (2300 cell/100ml). Total Streptococci ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (24000 cell/100ml), faecal Streptococci ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (900 cell/100ml). Total bacterial count showed variable values due to ecological changes at the stations of study which reached (3980 cell/ml) in the forth station towards AL-Razzaza reservoir and was declined to (580 cell/ml) at the middle of AL-Tharthar reservoir. Results were discussed in the research text.

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Quantitative assessment of bacterial contamination of raw milk using bioluminescence

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029999003817 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 627-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

LUBOV Yu. BROVKO ◽

VALERY G. FROUNDJIAN ◽

VERONIKA S. BABUNOVA ◽

NATALYA N. UGAROVA

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Atp Assay ◽

Atp Bioluminescence ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Quality Of Milk

Enumeration of bacteria in raw milk is of public health and economic importance. Among the proposed rapid methods for assessment of bacterial contamination in raw milk, ATP bioluminescence has proved to be one of the most promising (Griffiths, 1991). Several companies produce ATP bioluminescence reagent kits and equipment for analysing raw milk samples for total bacterial count (Sutherland et al. 1994; Reybroeck & Schram, 1995). The principle of ATP bioluminescent bacterial assay is based on the following assumptions (Olsen, 1991). All living organisms contain ATP, ATP is neither associated with dead cells nor absorbed on to surfaces, colloids and so on, and there is a fairly constant ratio of ATP to biomass/number of cells for all microbial taxa independent of metabolic activity or environmental conditions. Of these assumptions, only the first seems to be indisputable. It is not the number of bacterial cells, but rather the colony forming unit (cfu) that is the denomination used when assessing the microbial quality of milk. For Gram-negative rods of the genus Enterobacteriaceae, a cfu is usually derived from a single cell. However, Gram-positive cocci (staphylococci and streptococci) grow in bunches and chains respectively (Gregg, 1991), and estimation of cell numbers may not give good agreement with the colony counts.Several approaches have been investigated to increase the sensitivity of the bioluminescent method (Pahuski et al. 1991; Sutherland et al. 1994; Reybroeck & Schram, 1995; Froundjian et al. 1999). Although the detection limit achieved by these modifications (104 cfu/ml) may be sufficient for practical use (Bautista et al. 1992; Reybroeck & Schram 1995), the accuracy of the analysis was not significantly improved. The reported values for accuracy of the estimate for cfu/ml in raw milk (Syx) by the bioluminescent method were in the range 0·27–0·87 log units (Bautista et al. 1992; Reybroeck & Schram, 1995). The purpose of the present study was to determine the reasons for the lack of accuracy of the bacterial ATP assay in raw milk.

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Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26072047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 2047

Author(s):

Magda Ferreira ◽

Maria Ogren ◽

Joana N. R. Dias ◽

Marta Silva ◽

Solange Gil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Private Investment ◽

Therapeutic Index ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs

Antimicrobial drugs are key tools to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Despite the early success of antibiotics, the current treatment of bacterial infections faces serious challenges due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Moreover, the decline of research and private investment in new antibiotics further aggravates this antibiotic crisis era. Overcoming the complexity of antimicrobial resistance must go beyond the search of new classes of antibiotics and include the development of alternative solutions. The evolution of nanomedicine has allowed the design of new drug delivery systems with improved therapeutic index for the incorporated compounds. One of the most promising strategies is their association to lipid-based delivery (nano)systems. A drug’s encapsulation in liposomes has been demonstrated to increase its accumulation at the infection site, minimizing drug toxicity and protecting the antibiotic from peripheral degradation. In addition, liposomes may be designed to fuse with bacterial cells, holding the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation and constituting a promising solution for the treatment of potential fatal multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this review, we aim to address the applicability of antibiotic encapsulated liposomes as an effective therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections.

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The effect of seaweed extract on tomato plant growth, productivity and soil

Journal of Applied Phycology ◽

10.1007/s10811-021-02387-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hashmath Inayath Hussain ◽

Naga Kasinadhuni ◽

Tony Arioli

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Tomato Plant ◽

Root Zone ◽

Soil Health ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Seaweed Extract ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Soil Biology

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of seaweed extract (SWE) made from the brown algae Durvillaea potatorum and Ascophyllum nodosum on plants and soil. The application of SWE to soil growing tomato plants showed dual effects. SWE comprehensively improved tomato plant growth (flower clusters, flower number, fruit number, root length, root and shoot dry weight, SPAD) and increased plant productivity (yield and quality). Similarly, SWE application effected soil biology at the soil root zone by increasing total bacterial count and available soil nitrogen and impacting bacterial community diversity with an increase in certain bacterial families linked to soil health. A broader understanding of the effects of SWE on the plant-soil ecosystem may offer breakthrough approaches for sustainable food production.

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Quality Assessment of Shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii. De Man, 1879) During Storage in Ice

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v47i1.10731 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M Begum ◽

MA Khaleque ◽

MA Wahed ◽

F Hafiz

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Time Interval ◽

Quality Changes ◽

Fish Sample ◽

Sensory Score ◽

De Man ◽

Score Evaluation

With a view to get a pen picture about the trend and extent of quality changes and as well as shelf life of the head off and head on shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, De Man, 1879), the present study have been carried out . Quality changes have been measured by application of sensory score evaluation and changes in chemical indices such as Total Volatile Nitrogen (TVN) value, pH and level of moisture at different time interval and Total Bacterial Count (TBC) at 15°C during the study period. The results of the sensory score evaluation indicates that the shrimp quality decreased to the limits of acceptability at 12th days of ice storage. The head off shrimp kept slight better than corresponding head on shrimps. The bacterial counts determined at 15°C have been found to increase from 103 - 107 and 104 -108 cfu/gm for head off and head on shrimp respectively at the limit of acceptability. The moisture level increased from initial 78.85gm% to final 83.80gm% (head off) & 79.0gm% to 84.0gm% (head on) and pH value increases from 7.1 to 8.1 during the whole period of iced preservation . Both head off and head on shrimp remained in acceptable condition for up to 12 and 14 days of storage respectively while the quality of fish deteriorates and become unacceptable. The bacterial count corresponding to unacceptable condition ranges from 108-109 cfu/gm fish sample. The TVN value corresponding to rejection condition were 45-50mg N/100gm fish sample. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i1.10731 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(1), 93-98, 2012

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Recent Development of Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods through Metabolic Profiling of Bacteria

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10030311 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 311

Author(s):

Chen Chen ◽

Weili Hong

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Metabolic Profiling ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽

Bacterial Metabolism ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Key Factor

Due to the inappropriate use and overuse of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing and have become a major threat to human health. A key factor in the treatment of bacterial infections and slowing down the emergence of antibiotic resistance is to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of infecting bacteria rapidly to prescribe appropriate drugs and reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Current phenotypic AST methods based on the detection of bacterial growth are generally reliable but are too slow. There is an urgent need for new methods that can perform AST rapidly. Bacterial metabolism is a fast process, as bacterial cells double about every 20 to 30 min for fast-growing species. Moreover, bacterial metabolism has shown to be related to drug resistance, so a comparison of differences in microbial metabolic processes in the presence or absence of antimicrobials provides an alternative approach to traditional culture for faster AST. In this review, we summarize recent developments in rapid AST methods through metabolic profiling of bacteria under antibiotic treatment.

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