scholarly journals Tuberculosis in East Sussex: IV. A systematic examination of wild mammals other than badgers for tuberculosis

1986 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wilesmith ◽  
P. E. Sayers ◽  
T. W. A. Little ◽  
J. I. Brewer ◽  
R. Bode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Systematic Examination ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Cattle Herds

SUMMARYA detailed investigation of the possible role of wild mammals, other than badgers, in the maintenance of Mycobacterium bovis in an area on the South Downs of East Sussex was carried out over 3 years. Estimates of population sizes were made where possible and minimum sample sizes were selected to be 95 % certain of including at least one infected animal if the prevalence was at least 5 %. Samples of wild mammals were taken from populations which had the highest potential direct or indirect contact rate with known infected badgers. M. bovis was not isolated from any of the 15 species of wild mammals.It was concluded that badgers are able to maintain M. bovis in an area independently of other species, and that in the area studied other species were not a source of infection for the cattle herds.

scholarly journals A computer simulation of the transmission dynamics and the effects of duration of immunity and survival of persistently infected animals on the spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. INNOCENT ◽  
I. MORRISON ◽  
J. BROWNLIE ◽  
G. GETTINBY
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Spread Of Infection

This paper describes a computer model that mimics the spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection through a closed herd. The model is able to simulate the spread of infection when a persistently infected (PI) animal is introduced into an infection-free herd, and it is used to investigate the role of persistently infected animals, seroconverting animals, loss of PI calves and duration of immunity on the level of infection within the herd. Under typical management conditions one persistently infected animal poses a real threat to a herd, and the prospect of the herd becoming infection free in a 10-year period without intervention is remote. Seroconverting animals are found to be an important source of infection in herds with few immune animals. The increased loss of PI calves is likely to restrict the numbers of PI animals in a herd, and loss of immunity is important since it increases the possibility of a PI calf being born.

scholarly journals The ecological role of Accipitridae vultures in terrestrial landscapes of Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
T. Karimov ◽  
A. Matsyura
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Difficult Terrain ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Scavengers can provide ecosystem services to people by removal of dead animals that could become sources of disease. From such point of view, it seems appropriate to evaluate these benefits in Azerbaijan in quantitative terms. To this end, in 2013, an extensive monitoring was organized in the Turyanchay Reserve, which covers six regions and neighboring territories (the total population here is 640 thousand people). A high level of animal mortality in the Turyanchay Reserve is supported by the concentration of 24 species of wild mammals and 700 thousand domestic animals in the surrounding environment. The difficult terrain area is another factor leading to the death of animals. Animals grazing on hillsides often break down and die. The bodies of domestic and wild animals killed by wolves also often remain lying on this territory. In addition, vehicles traveling along the Agdash-Gabala highway cause the death of many domestic and wild animals. During the two months of the study (from June to July), 62 dead animals were found. Ten kinds of diseases were identified in 38 undecomposed bodies of these animals. Scavengers eat animal bodies in one-three days (without bones), preventing them from becoming a source of infection. The role of necrophages in minimizing of epizootic cases and improving sanitary conditions is important for ecosystems, because the blood of most animals is a carrier of diseases and most of the parasites present in it are common to both humans and animals. Scavengers can be used by veterinary organizations as indicators to simplify the identification of animal bodies and the subsequent disposal of their remains.

scholarly journals Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. I. Tuberculosis in cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wilesmith ◽  
T. W. A. Little ◽  
H. V. Thompson ◽  
C. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Major Outbreak ◽  
Two Peaks

SUMMARYA major outbreak of tuberculosis occurred in cattle on a farm in Dorset between 1970 and 1976. Six hundred and twenty-six cattle were slaughtered either because they reacted to the tuberculin test or had been exposed to infection. No source of infection was found until 1974 when badgers infected with Mycobacterium bovis were first discovered.An analysis of the tuberculin test records of this herd and the six surrounding herds indicated that tuberculosis had been a sporadic problem since the early 1960's. Two peaks of infection occurred in the most severely affected herd in 1970 and 1974 when 29·8% and 27·3% of animals, respectively, reacted to the tuberculin test. These figures are exceptionally high. During the last 20 years there have been two periods when all the herds in the area had synchronous outbreaks consistent with a common source.Analysis indicated that cattle were at greatest risk in April and May and suggest that there was re-exposure to infection at this time each year. In addition the cattle were apparently exposed to M. bovis, at sufficiently high levels for transmission to occur, for only a relatively short period of time.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium bovis genomics reveals transmission of infection between cattle and deer in Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Crispell ◽  
Sophie Cassidy ◽  
Kevin Kenny ◽  
Guy McGrath ◽  
Susan Warde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level

Control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis , in the Republic of Ireland costs €84 million each year. Badgers are recognized as being a wildlife source for M. bovis infection of cattle. Deer are thought to act as spillover hosts for infection; however, population density is recognized as an important driver in shifting their epidemiological role, and deer populations across the country have been increasing in density and range. County Wicklow represents one specific area in the Republic of Ireland with a high density of deer that has had consistently high bTB prevalence for over a decade, despite control operations in both cattle and badgers. Our research used whole-genome sequencing of M. bovis sourced from infected cattle, deer and badgers in County Wicklow to evaluate whether the epidemiological role of deer could have shifted from spillover host to source. Our analyses reveal that cattle and deer share highly similar M. bovis strains, suggesting that transmission between these species is occurring in the area. In addition, the high level of diversity observed in the sampled deer population suggests deer may be acting as a source of infection for local cattle populations. These findings have important implications for the control and ultimate eradication of bTB in Ireland.

scholarly journals Modeling Ebola Virus Transmission Using Ferrets

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-Antoine de La Vega ◽  
Geoff Soule ◽  
Kaylie N. Tran ◽  
Kevin Tierney ◽  
Shihua He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Metal Mesh ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Bodily Fluids

ABSTRACT Ebola virus (EBOV) has been responsible for sporadic outbreaks in Central Africa since 1976 and has the potential of causing social disruption and public panic as illustrated by the 2013–2016 epidemic in West Africa. Transmission of EBOV has been described to occur via contact with infected bodily fluids, supported by data indicating that infectious EBOV could be cultured from blood, semen, saliva, urine, and breast milk. Parameters influencing transmission of EBOV are, however, largely undefined in part due to the lack of an established animal model to study mechanisms of pathogen spread. Here, we investigated EBOV transmissibility in male and female ferrets. After intranasal challenge, an infected animal was placed in direct contact with a naive ferret and in contact with another naive ferret (separated from the infected animal by a metal mesh) that served as the indirect-contact animal. All challenged animals, male direct contacts, and one male indirect contact developed disease and died. The remaining animals were not viremic and remained asymptomatic but developed EBOV-glycoprotein IgM and/or IgG specific antibodies—indicative of virus transmission. EBOV transmission via indirect contact was frequently observed in this model but resulted in less-severe disease compared to direct contact. Interestingly, these observations are consistent with the detection of specific antibodies in humans living in areas of EBOV endemicity. IMPORTANCE Our knowledge regarding transmission of EBOV between individuals is vague and is mostly limited to spreading via direct contact with infectious bodily fluids. Studying transmission parameters such as dose and route of infection is nearly impossible in naturally acquired cases—hence the requirement for a laboratory animal model. Here, we show as a proof of concept that ferrets can be used to study EBOV transmission. We also show that transmission in the absence of direct contact is frequent, as all animals with indirect contact with the infected ferrets had detectable antibodies to the virus, and one succumbed to infection. Our report provides a new small-animal model for studying EBOV transmission that does not require adaptation of the virus, providing insight into virus transmission among humans during epidemics.

scholarly journals Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis associated with domestic animals in Venezuela and Brazil

1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cruz Manuel Aguilar ◽  
Elizabeth F. Rangel ◽  
Leonardo Garcia ◽  
Elio Fernandez ◽  
Hooman Momen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Janeiro State ◽  
Enzootic Cycle

After outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Solano State, Venezuela, 5% of the population had parasitized ulcers while after similar outbreaks in Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 9% had the disease. In these foci children, including some under six years of age, wre affected. There was no significant difference in the occurence of the disease according to sex or type of employment. In Solano, 3% of dogs and 28% of donkeys had parasitized lesions, while in Mesquita these indices were 19.8% and 30.8% respectively. The parasite from man, dogs and equines was identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, by zymodeme and serodeme characterization. In these foci there is evidence suggesting that leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, possibly with equine and dogs as reservoirs, although both a wild enzootic cycle and the role of man as a source of infection can not be ruled out. Transmission is assumed to occur peridomestically by sandfly vectors such as Lutzomyia panamensis in Venezuela and Lutzomyia intermedia in Brazil. Information about the origin of these foci suggests that infected equines may be an important factor in the dissemination of the parasite in a peridomestic situation where these sandflies are abundant.

Examination of the role of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine pneumonia and a mathematical model for its evaluation

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tenk ◽  
L. Stipkovits ◽  
L. Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Seropositivity Rate ◽  
Lung Lesions ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The Relationship

The authors screened 34 large cattle herds for the presence of Mycoplasma bovis infection by examining slaughtered cattle for macroscopic lung lesions, by culturing M. bovis from lung lesions and at the same time by testing sera for the presence of antibodies against M. bovis. Among the 595 cattle examined, 33.9% had pneumonic lesions, mycoplasmas were isolated from 59.9% of pneumonic lung samples, and 10.9% of sera from those animals contained antibodiesto M. bovis. In 25.2% of the cases M. bovis was isolated from lungs with no macroscopic lesions. The proportion of seropositive herds was 64.7%. The average seropositivity rate of individuals was 11.3% but in certain herds it exceeded 50%. A probability model was developed for examining the relationship among the occurrence of pneumonia, the isolation of M. bovis from the lungs and the presence of M. bovis specific antibodies in sera.

scholarly journals A Review of the Public Health Challenges of Salmonella and Turtles

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Sodagari ◽  
Ihab Habib ◽  
Majedeh Pakzad Shahabi ◽  
Narelle A. Dybing ◽  
Penghao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
The Public ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Client Education

Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars are recognized as zoonotic pathogens. Although human salmonellosis is frequently associated with ingestion of contaminated foods of animal origin, contact with animals may also be a significant source of Salmonella infection, especially contact with turtles, which have shown to be an important reservoir of Salmonella, specifically through their intestinal tracts. Turtles are among the most common reptiles kept as house pets that may pose a public health risk associated with Salmonella exposure, especially among infants and young children. This review discusses the literature reporting the link between turtles and Salmonella as well as turtle-associated human salmonellosis in the last ten years. In most outbreaks, a high proportion of patients are children under five years of age, which indicates that children are at the greatest risk of turtle-associated salmonellosis. Therefore, turtles should not be preferred as recommended pets for children under five years of age. Reducing turtle stress to minimise Salmonella shedding as well as providing client education handouts at the points of sale of these animals may reduce the risk of transmitting such significant pathogen to humans. Further studies are required to investigate the role of both direct contact with turtles as well as indirect contact through cross-contamination in the transmission of turtles-associated Salmonella to humans.

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