Institutional Dualism in Central America's Agricultural Development

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dorner ◽  
Rodolfo Quiros
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Central American ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Per Capita

The five nations of the Central American Common Market (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua) have all the characteristics generally associated with less developed countries—largely agrarian economies, great dependence on agricultural exports for foreign exchange earnings, rapid population growth, widespread illiteracy, and low per capita incomes.

scholarly journals Population priorities: the challenge of continued rapid population growth

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 2977-2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adair Turner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World Population ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Per Capita

Rapid population growth continues in the least developed countries. The revisionist case that rapid population could be overcome by technology, that population density was advantageous, that capital shallowing is not a vital concern and that empirical investigations had not proved a correlation between high population growth and low per capita income was both empirically and theoretically flawed. In the modern world, population density does not play the role it did in nineteenth-century Europe and rates of growth in some of today's least developed nations are four times than those in nineteenth-century Europe, and without major accumulation of capital per capita , no major economy has or is likely to make the low- to middle-income transition. Though not sufficient, capital accumulation for growth is absolutely essential to economic growth. While there are good reasons for objecting to the enforced nature of the Chinese one-child policy, we should not underestimate the positive impact which that policy has almost certainly had and will have over the next several decades on Chinese economic performance. And a valid reticence about telling developing countries that they must contain fertility should not lead us to underestimate the severely adverse impact of high fertility rates on the economic performance and prospects of many countries in Africa and the Middle East.

Fertility Decline and Socioeconomic Change in Venezuela

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Edmonston ◽  
Frank Wm. Oechsli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

Venezuela has experienced significant economic development during recent decades, although rapid population growth has partially offset economic gains. During the five-year period 1969-1973, the gross national product increased at an annual rate of 5.0 percent, which, coupled with population growth, yielded real per capita increases of 2.6 percent annually. Relatively smooth transition in the nationalization of the Venezuelan oil industry in 1976 presents a favorable assessment for the economy during the next decade. Yet while there has been notable progress in conventional economic indicators, there have been less rapid improvements in education, nutrition, and health. This paper examines past trends in Venezuelan population growth within the context of general social and economic development. Because of the importance of fertility in affecting population growth, particular attention is paid to fertility trends.

Central American Program of Economic Integration

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-634 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Central American ◽  
The Government

At Managua, Nicaragua, on December 13, 1960, the governments of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua signed the General Treaty, the basic treaty of the Central American Program of Economic Integration (CAPEI), often referred to as the Central American Common Market (CACM). Also signed at the same time were the Agreement establishing the Central American Bank for Economic Integration and the Protocol to the Central American Agreement on the Equalization of Import Duties and Charges. Sixteen months later the government of Costa Rica acceded to the three agreements.

scholarly journals Central American Common Market

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 882-882
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Central American ◽  
San Jose ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fiscal Incentives ◽  
Tariff Rates

The Central American Common Market was established among the governments of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua on July 31, 1962, at the conclusion of the third extraordinary session, July 23–31, 1962, in San José, Costa Rica, of the Committee of Economic Cooperation of the five republics. Three conventions were signed by the ministers of economy, representing the five nations, with the aim of establishing the Central American economic integration structure: 1) the adhesion of Costa Rica to the Central American convention on equalization of tariff rates; 2) the protocol to the Central American convention on the equalization of import duties (the Protocol of San José); and 3) the Central American convention on fiscal incentives to industrial development.

scholarly journals Least developed countries – comparison

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
V. Jeníček ◽  
Š. Grófová
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Limited Access

The inter-related causes of food insecurity in these countries are mainly the long lasting civil wars, a limited access to land, environmental degradation, climatic shocks and the rapid population growth resulting from the high birth rates and the return of refugees.    

scholarly journals Ecotourism and economic growth in the Galapagos: an island economy-wide analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. EDWARD TAYLOR ◽  
JARED HARDNER ◽  
MICKI STEWART
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Cruise Ships ◽  
The World ◽  
Sharp Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Demographic Growth

ABSTRACTThis study revisits and updates a 1999 economy-wide analysis predicting that increases in tourism would result in rapid economic as well as demographic growth on the Galapagos Islands. The following six years witnessed sharp growth in tourism; a restructuring of tourism around larger cruise ships and new, larger hotels; and rapid population growth. Our findings indicate that total income (that is, the gross domestic product) of the Galapagos increased by an estimated 78 per cent between 1999 and 2005, making the Galapagos economy among the fastest growing in the world. Tourism continued to be far and away the major driver of economic growth. Nevertheless, population growth via new migration to the islands nearly erased the effect of economic growth on per-capita household income. These findings raise questions about the compatibility of ecotourism and conservation in this unique ecological setting.

Prevalence and geographic distribution of haemophilia in Costa Rica

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S28-S31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arroyo ◽  
L. Salazar-Sánchez ◽  
G. Jiménez-Cruz ◽  
P. Chaverri ◽  
E. Arrieta-Bolaños ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Many ◽  
Low Prevalence

SummaryHaemophilia is the most frequent hereditary haemorrhagic illness and it is due to the deficiency of coagulation factors VIII (haemophilia A, HA) or IX (haemophilia B, HB).The prevalence of this disease varies according to the country, those having better survival rates having also higher prevalences. Specifically in Costa Rica, there are around 130 HA and 30 HB families. This study reports the prevalence and a spatial distribution analysis of both types of the disease in this country. The prevalence of haemophilia in this country is 7 cases per 100 000 men, for HA it is 6 cases per 100 000 and for HB it is 1 case per 100 000 male inhabitants. The prevalence of this disease is low when compared with other populations. This low prevalence could be due to the many patients that have died because of infection with human immunodeficiency virus during the 1980s. The prevalence of haemophilia in Costa Rica is almost one half of that present in developed countries. Nevertheless, the ratio between HA and HB follows world tendency: 5 : 1. In this study, nationwide geographical distribution maps were drawn in order to visualize the origin of severe cases and how this influences the pattern of distribution for both types of haemophilia. By means of these maps, it was possible to state that there is no association between the sites of maximum prevalence of mutated alleles and ethnicity. With this study, haemophilia prevalence distribution maps can be used to improve efforts for the establishment of hemophilia clinics or specialized health centers in those areas which hold the highest prevalences in this country. Also, this knowledge can be applied to improve treatment skills and offer the possibility of developing focused genetic counseling for these populations.

International differences in labor productivity: Role of capital, technological level and resource rent

2016 ◽  
pp. 67-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
Population Ratio ◽  
Gdp Gap ◽  
Productivity Gap

Using level accounting methodology this article examines sources of per capita GDP and labor productivity differences between Russia and developed and developing countries. It considers the role played by the following determinants in per capita GDP gap: per hour labor productivity, number of hours worked per worker and labor-population ratio. It is shown that labor productivity difference is the main reason of Russia’s lagging behind. Factors of Russia’s low labor productivity are then estimated. It is found that 33-39% of 2.5-5-times labor productivity gap (estimated for non-oil sector) between Russia and developed countries (US, Canada, Germany, Norway) is explained by lower capital-to-labor ratio and the latter 58-65% of the gap is due to lower technological level (multifactor productivity). Human capital level in Russia is almost the same as in developed countries, so it explains only 2-4% of labor productivity gap.

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

2008 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

Population Change, Modernization and Welfare. By Joseph Spengler. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1974.

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-222
Author(s):  
Zeba A. Sathar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Almost All

The book covers a wide field, touching on almost all aspects of popula¬tion change on a world-wide scale. It discusses, using world and country data, the relationships between demographic and socio-economic variables, and elaborates on" their relative importance in the determination of population problems which confront the world as a whole and nations individually. Policies designed to alleviate these problems are discussed with an emphasis on those related to population control. The first chapter is entitled "Population Growth: Past and Prospective" and reviews the various parameters associated with population change in the past and in the future. It touches upon the concept of a stable population in order to show the elements which cause a population to change (i.e. remove it from its stable condition). The main elements of change, population growth, migration, mortality and natality are discussed individually. The chapter is concluded by a description of the main differences in these elements and other socio-economic conditions as they exist in the less-developed and developed countries.

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