scholarly journals The Economics of Education in Sierra Leone

1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhas L. Ketkar
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
University Education ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

With respect to investment in education, two important questions need to be examined. The first is concerned with the amount to be invested in primary and secondary schools, and the institutions of higher learning, and the second relates to the distribution of total costs among the state, private institutions, and those who receive education.This short article first evaluates the existing formal educational system in Sierra Leone with the help of the cost-benefit technique. In order to obtain guidelines for future investment policies the internal social rates of return are computed for the various levels of education. Then the supply and demand of trained personnel are estimated for the period 1975–9 on the basis of the following classification: (i) high level (those with university education), (ii) middle level (those with some secondary education and technical/vocational training), and (iii) primary- and secondary-school teachers. The projections show that shortages will occur in all three groups during the next five years, above all at the middle level where a 70 per cent increase in the expected supply will be necessary to meet the requirements.

Increasing Steam Turbine Capacity

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah H. Cioffi
Keyword(s):  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Flow Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stage Properties ◽  
Turbine Capacity ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Work Done

Steam turbine owners are often searching for opportunities to increase power output. Increases in steam turbine flow capacity yield a proportional increase in power output, but there is more to increasing capacity than just opening up nozzle areas. This paper describes how Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis personnel increased the flow capacity and power output using original blading on a large, supercritical, reheat unit while maintaining a high level of efficiency. Much attention was given to the as-left stage properties in order to minimize the change in efficiency from the design levels. The work is documented using a timeline which centers on the outage. Much of the engineering work done prior to the outage minimized the time necessary during the outage to complete the modifications. Before and after test results demonstrate the cost-benefit of the capacity increase.

Impact assessment following implementation of a vascular access team

2020 ◽  
pp. 112972982098428
Author(s):  
Mª Inés Corcuera Martínez ◽  
Marco Aldonza Torres ◽  
Ana Mª Díez Revilla ◽  
Sara Maali Centeno ◽  
Amaya Mañeru Oria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Access ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Perceived Satisfaction ◽  
Anaesthesia Service ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Background: A vascular access team (VAT) was created in 2018 with the aim of improving vascular access and reducing complications associated with catheters. The impact of the introduction of a VAT in the insertion and maintenance of peripheral insertion central catheters (PICCs) was assessed. The cost-benefit associated with the use of a VAT was evaluated and the satisfaction of patients and professionals interacting with the VAT was measured. Methods: In a prospective study, 275 PICCs inserted by the VAT were assessed for their impact on complications. PICCs were implanted with maximum barrier measures using an ultrasound with IC-ECG. Also, patient and professional satisfaction have been analysed thought a questionnaire over the phone or online, and hospital financial data was used to assess the cost impact of the insertion methodology followed by the VAT versus Anaesthesia Service. Results: The thrombosis rate was 2.5% (7) and the bacteraemia rate was 1.1% (3). The use of the IC-ECG was correlated with a lower complication than the RX + IC-ECG (OR = 3.28, p = 0.021). In addition, there was a high level of perceived satisfaction for the patients surveyed and for the healthcare professionals involved in the care and management of these devices. The calculated saving for the implementation of the VAT was 61.81% compared with PICCs implanted in Anaesthesia Service. Conclusion: Low complication rates and high overall satisfaction scores in patients and professionals were observed, showing that a specialist VAT can have a positive impact in the insertion of PICCs and which also has a clear economic benefit.

scholarly journals Getting the Most out of Ensemble Forecasts: A Valuation Model Based on User–Forecast Interactions

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 2561-2571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Millner
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Value ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Ensemble Forecasts ◽  
Valuation Model ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A flexible theoretical model of perceived forecast value is proposed that explicitly includes the effects of user and ensemble characteristics and their interactions. The model can be applied to arbitrary decision problems and is sensitive to a much wider range of factors than traditional forecast valuation models. A simple illustration of its application to the cost–loss decision problem familiar from the forecast valuation literature is discussed. It is shown that perceived value is highly sensitive to perceived model accuracy and that in most cases a high level of perceived accuracy is required for the forecasts to be thought to have any value at all. Decisions with a cost–benefit ratio that is close to the climatological probability of the adverse event are shown to be less sensitive to perceived accuracy. The model shows that it is possible for perceived value to remain unchanged when perceived accuracy increases, thus suggesting an explanation for why forecast uptake often does not increase after improvements in model performance are made. Last, it is argued that attempts to increase forecast uptake should be targeted at those users whose cost–benefit ratios fall in a restricted range that depends on the climatological probability of the event and an objective measure of the ensemble accuracy.

Roads to full employment

1995 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 74-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Full Employment ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Tolerable Level

Can unemployment be cured by flexible labour markets? This current nostrum had little to do with the maintenance of full employment, with little inflation, throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The secret of that success can be traced to the high level of investment, which stimulated both supply and demand in the economy, and enhanced the employability of labour. Downward pressures exerted on the cost of labour appear to have had some effect on unemployment in the 1980s, but are likely to run out of steam before it is reduced to a tolerable level. Attention now needs to be concentrated on enhancing the employability of labour. But whether this is attempted through tax incentives to investment or other means, its purpose will be liable to be thwarted unless accompanied by general restraint in the upward adjustment of real wages.

Peripheral Vision in Martial Arts Experts: The Cost-Dependent Anchoring of Gaze

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hausegger ◽  
Christian Vater ◽  
Ernst-Joachim Hossner
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Tae Kwon Do ◽  
Kung Fu ◽  
Gaze Anchoring ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

Research on martial arts has suggested that gaze anchoring is functional for optimizing the use of peripheral visual information. The current study predicted that the height of gaze anchoring on the opponent’s body would depend on the potential attacking locations that need to be monitored. To test this prediction, the authors compared high-level athletes in kung fu (Qwan Ki Do), who attack with their arms and legs, with Tae Kwon Do fighters, who attack mostly with their legs. As predicted, the results show that Qwan Ki Do athletes anchor their gaze higher than Tae Kwon Do athletes do before and even during the first attack. In addition, gaze anchoring seems to depend on 3 factors: the particulars of the evolving situation, crucial cues, and specific visual costs (especially suppressed information pickup during saccades). These 3 factors should be considered in future studies on gaze behavior in sports to find the most functional, that is, cost-benefit-optimized, gaze pattern.

scholarly journals Investigation of Perceptions regarding Teacher Leadership among Secondary School Teachers in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Bahadır Gülbahar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Teacher Leadership ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Institutional Improvement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level

Leadership is one of the most important roles expected from teachers today. Teacher leadership is a significant factor in the commitment of schools to their missions to guide societies, to develop a school’s positive aspects and to manage education in an effective way. If this is the case, it is necessary to measure and evaluate the perceptions of teachers with regard to this important role. As yet there is limited amount of research in the literature concerning the determination of teachers’ perceptions regarding teacher leadership. As the basic purpose of the present study is to determine the leadership perceptions of secondary school teachers, it is considered that the study will contribute to the literature. This qualitative research was conducted using the screening model. The study was conducted on 376 secondary school teachers who were selected by means of the simple random sampling method from among 564 teachers who were working at secondary schools in Kırşehir Central County (Turkey) during the 2014-2015 academic year. The “Teacher Leadership Scale” (TLS) was used as the data collection tool. Although the teachers’ “institutional development” sub-dimension perception regarding teacher leadership was found to be at the middle level, this was assessed to be a lacking notation. Teachers’ perception of teacher leadership for the “institutional improvement” sub-dimension was determined to be at the medium level; perceptions concerning “professional development” and “collaboration among colleagues” sub-dimensions were determined to be at a high level. Teachers’ understanding of teacher leadership in terms of the “institutional improvement” sub-dimension exhibited a significant difference in male teachers. Teachers’ perception of teacher leadership in terms of the “professional improvement” sub-dimension exhibited a significant difference according to age and occupational seniority.

Exploring consumer lying in information‐based exchanges

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Horne ◽  
Patricia A. Norberg ◽  
A. Cemal Ekin
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Commercial Exchange ◽  
Disclosure Strategy ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report the findings of two studies that explored consumer misrepresentation (lying) during personal information disclosure in a commercial context. Disclosure strategies and mediating processes that might influence lying were also investigated.Design/methodology/approachTwo studies were carried out to examine the phenomenon of interest. The first study examined the extent of consumer lying in a consumer‐commercial exchange context, the variation of lying about different kinds of personal information and a classification of consumers in terms of disclosure tendencies. The second study examined two mediating processes that may drive lying behavior: cost‐benefit evaluations and fairness evaluations.FindingsThe findings suggest that individuals tend to falsify some items more than they do others, and, even in information categories that are not “personally identifying,” there is a high level of misrepresentation. It was also found that consumers can be grouped based on their disclosure strategy (lying, omitting, truthfully disclosing), and the strategy appears to be related to perceived experience with disclosure. Finally, it was found that the cost‐benefit of disclosure influences consumer lying, but fairness perceptions do not appear to influence lying behavior.Practical implicationsBased on the findings in this study, a percentage of information appears to be faulty. This brings into question data quality, in that good marketing decisions presumes good data. Information‐based marketing exchanges appear to be driven by cost‐benefit evaluations. If this is the case, then marketers should strive to ethically develop elicitation strategies that either reduce the perceived cost of consumer disclosure or increase consumers' perceptions of the value they receive in exchange for personal information.Originality/valueThis paper provides useful information on consumer lying with regard to disclosing personal information in a commercial context.

Career decisions of further education college students: where does higher education 'fit in'?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-78
Author(s):  
Aunam Quyoum ◽  
Rita Hordósy ◽  
Jenna Mittelmeier ◽  
Steven Jones ◽  
Tee McCaldin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Career Planning ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Further Education ◽  
University Education ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Outreach Programme ◽  
The Cost

In the context of a proliferation of post-16 options, the need for substantial individual financial investment in university education, and uncertainties of employment outcomes, this paper explores student agency and structural constraints around career planning and progression into Higher Education (HE). Analysing data collected on behalf of a National Collaborative Outreach Programme (NCOP) hub in England, this research considers the views of students and staff at further education colleges (FECs). It draws on fourteen in-depth interviews with students undertaking qualifications that facilitate university entry, and seven interviews with staff involved in delivering information, advice and guidance (IAG) in some capacity within FECs. The paper explores the similarities and differences in how IAG is perceived, regarding its timing, depth, focus and scope. Students and staff broadly agreed that IAG in their FEC was often too broad, generic and insufficiently tailored to individual needs. In the cost-benefit analysis on university progression, students weighed up individual circumstances, calculating their best option whilst negotiating the structural constraints. Self-sufficiency was a common desire and ambition, and as such, the financial risks of entering university needed to be mitigated by a clear promise of stability in the future.

Conceptual metaphor in the complex dynamics of illocutionary meaning

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Baicchi
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Synergistic Relationship

This article aims to illustrate the role that conceptual metaphor plays in the complex dynamics of interpersonal communication, with the focus being placed upon the synergistic relationship that metaphor holds with other Idealized Cognitive Models (Lakoff, 1987) in the construction of illocutionary meaning. This goal is pursued under the scope of the Cost-Benefit Cognitive Model(Baicchi & Ruiz de Mendoza, 2010), which has been elaborated to overcome the shortcomings of traditional relevance-theoretic approaches and to ground illocutionary activity within the constructionist strand of Cognitive Linguistics. The qualitative analysis of Webcorp data retrieved for the suggesting high-level situational cognitive model offers an exemplification of the interplay that metaphor holds with frames, image schemas, and metonymy.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

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