Peripheral Vision in Martial Arts Experts: The Cost-Dependent Anchoring of Gaze

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hausegger ◽  
Christian Vater ◽  
Ernst-Joachim Hossner
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Tae Kwon Do ◽  
Kung Fu ◽  
Gaze Anchoring ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

Research on martial arts has suggested that gaze anchoring is functional for optimizing the use of peripheral visual information. The current study predicted that the height of gaze anchoring on the opponent’s body would depend on the potential attacking locations that need to be monitored. To test this prediction, the authors compared high-level athletes in kung fu (Qwan Ki Do), who attack with their arms and legs, with Tae Kwon Do fighters, who attack mostly with their legs. As predicted, the results show that Qwan Ki Do athletes anchor their gaze higher than Tae Kwon Do athletes do before and even during the first attack. In addition, gaze anchoring seems to depend on 3 factors: the particulars of the evolving situation, crucial cues, and specific visual costs (especially suppressed information pickup during saccades). These 3 factors should be considered in future studies on gaze behavior in sports to find the most functional, that is, cost-benefit-optimized, gaze pattern.

Increasing Steam Turbine Capacity

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah H. Cioffi
Keyword(s):  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Flow Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stage Properties ◽  
Turbine Capacity ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Work Done

Steam turbine owners are often searching for opportunities to increase power output. Increases in steam turbine flow capacity yield a proportional increase in power output, but there is more to increasing capacity than just opening up nozzle areas. This paper describes how Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis personnel increased the flow capacity and power output using original blading on a large, supercritical, reheat unit while maintaining a high level of efficiency. Much attention was given to the as-left stage properties in order to minimize the change in efficiency from the design levels. The work is documented using a timeline which centers on the outage. Much of the engineering work done prior to the outage minimized the time necessary during the outage to complete the modifications. Before and after test results demonstrate the cost-benefit of the capacity increase.

scholarly journals The Economics of Education in Sierra Leone

1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhas L. Ketkar
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
University Education ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

With respect to investment in education, two important questions need to be examined. The first is concerned with the amount to be invested in primary and secondary schools, and the institutions of higher learning, and the second relates to the distribution of total costs among the state, private institutions, and those who receive education.This short article first evaluates the existing formal educational system in Sierra Leone with the help of the cost-benefit technique. In order to obtain guidelines for future investment policies the internal social rates of return are computed for the various levels of education. Then the supply and demand of trained personnel are estimated for the period 1975–9 on the basis of the following classification: (i) high level (those with university education), (ii) middle level (those with some secondary education and technical/vocational training), and (iii) primary- and secondary-school teachers. The projections show that shortages will occur in all three groups during the next five years, above all at the middle level where a 70 per cent increase in the expected supply will be necessary to meet the requirements.

Impact assessment following implementation of a vascular access team

2020 ◽  
pp. 112972982098428
Author(s):  
Mª Inés Corcuera Martínez ◽  
Marco Aldonza Torres ◽  
Ana Mª Díez Revilla ◽  
Sara Maali Centeno ◽  
Amaya Mañeru Oria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Access ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Perceived Satisfaction ◽  
Anaesthesia Service ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Background: A vascular access team (VAT) was created in 2018 with the aim of improving vascular access and reducing complications associated with catheters. The impact of the introduction of a VAT in the insertion and maintenance of peripheral insertion central catheters (PICCs) was assessed. The cost-benefit associated with the use of a VAT was evaluated and the satisfaction of patients and professionals interacting with the VAT was measured. Methods: In a prospective study, 275 PICCs inserted by the VAT were assessed for their impact on complications. PICCs were implanted with maximum barrier measures using an ultrasound with IC-ECG. Also, patient and professional satisfaction have been analysed thought a questionnaire over the phone or online, and hospital financial data was used to assess the cost impact of the insertion methodology followed by the VAT versus Anaesthesia Service. Results: The thrombosis rate was 2.5% (7) and the bacteraemia rate was 1.1% (3). The use of the IC-ECG was correlated with a lower complication than the RX + IC-ECG (OR = 3.28, p = 0.021). In addition, there was a high level of perceived satisfaction for the patients surveyed and for the healthcare professionals involved in the care and management of these devices. The calculated saving for the implementation of the VAT was 61.81% compared with PICCs implanted in Anaesthesia Service. Conclusion: Low complication rates and high overall satisfaction scores in patients and professionals were observed, showing that a specialist VAT can have a positive impact in the insertion of PICCs and which also has a clear economic benefit.

scholarly journals Getting the Most out of Ensemble Forecasts: A Valuation Model Based on User–Forecast Interactions

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 2561-2571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Millner
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Value ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Ensemble Forecasts ◽  
Valuation Model ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A flexible theoretical model of perceived forecast value is proposed that explicitly includes the effects of user and ensemble characteristics and their interactions. The model can be applied to arbitrary decision problems and is sensitive to a much wider range of factors than traditional forecast valuation models. A simple illustration of its application to the cost–loss decision problem familiar from the forecast valuation literature is discussed. It is shown that perceived value is highly sensitive to perceived model accuracy and that in most cases a high level of perceived accuracy is required for the forecasts to be thought to have any value at all. Decisions with a cost–benefit ratio that is close to the climatological probability of the adverse event are shown to be less sensitive to perceived accuracy. The model shows that it is possible for perceived value to remain unchanged when perceived accuracy increases, thus suggesting an explanation for why forecast uptake often does not increase after improvements in model performance are made. Last, it is argued that attempts to increase forecast uptake should be targeted at those users whose cost–benefit ratios fall in a restricted range that depends on the climatological probability of the event and an objective measure of the ensemble accuracy.

scholarly journals Chinese-reading Expertise Modulates the Crowding Effect of Chinese Characters on Face Categorization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Mei Sun ◽  
Benjamin Balas
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Crowding Effect ◽  
Visual Expertise ◽  
Processing Style ◽  
Face Categorization ◽  
High Level

Crowding refers to the inability to recognize an object in peripheral vision when other objects are presented nearby. Studies have shown that crowding can be influenced by both low-level visual features and high-level object representations. In the current study, we tested how visual expertise affects crowding. We had native Chinese and non-Chinese readers perform a gender categorization task, in which they categorized target faces flanked by faces or Chinese characters that were presented upright or inverted. The results showed an effect of target-flanker similarity on crowding, as all participants performed worse when target faces were crowded by face compared to Chinese character flankers. The results also showed that native Chinese readers, but not non-Chinese readers, experienced more crowding when target faces were surrounded by upright compared to inverted face or Chinese character flankers, suggesting that participants’ visual expertise with the flanking stimuli along with their perceptual processing style shaped by cultures play an influential role in modulating the crowding effect. Our results support recent research showing that crowding is susceptible to both low- and high-level visual information.

Exploring consumer lying in information‐based exchanges

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Horne ◽  
Patricia A. Norberg ◽  
A. Cemal Ekin
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Commercial Exchange ◽  
Disclosure Strategy ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report the findings of two studies that explored consumer misrepresentation (lying) during personal information disclosure in a commercial context. Disclosure strategies and mediating processes that might influence lying were also investigated.Design/methodology/approachTwo studies were carried out to examine the phenomenon of interest. The first study examined the extent of consumer lying in a consumer‐commercial exchange context, the variation of lying about different kinds of personal information and a classification of consumers in terms of disclosure tendencies. The second study examined two mediating processes that may drive lying behavior: cost‐benefit evaluations and fairness evaluations.FindingsThe findings suggest that individuals tend to falsify some items more than they do others, and, even in information categories that are not “personally identifying,” there is a high level of misrepresentation. It was also found that consumers can be grouped based on their disclosure strategy (lying, omitting, truthfully disclosing), and the strategy appears to be related to perceived experience with disclosure. Finally, it was found that the cost‐benefit of disclosure influences consumer lying, but fairness perceptions do not appear to influence lying behavior.Practical implicationsBased on the findings in this study, a percentage of information appears to be faulty. This brings into question data quality, in that good marketing decisions presumes good data. Information‐based marketing exchanges appear to be driven by cost‐benefit evaluations. If this is the case, then marketers should strive to ethically develop elicitation strategies that either reduce the perceived cost of consumer disclosure or increase consumers' perceptions of the value they receive in exchange for personal information.Originality/valueThis paper provides useful information on consumer lying with regard to disclosing personal information in a commercial context.

Conceptual metaphor in the complex dynamics of illocutionary meaning

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Baicchi
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Synergistic Relationship

This article aims to illustrate the role that conceptual metaphor plays in the complex dynamics of interpersonal communication, with the focus being placed upon the synergistic relationship that metaphor holds with other Idealized Cognitive Models (Lakoff, 1987) in the construction of illocutionary meaning. This goal is pursued under the scope of the Cost-Benefit Cognitive Model(Baicchi & Ruiz de Mendoza, 2010), which has been elaborated to overcome the shortcomings of traditional relevance-theoretic approaches and to ground illocutionary activity within the constructionist strand of Cognitive Linguistics. The qualitative analysis of Webcorp data retrieved for the suggesting high-level situational cognitive model offers an exemplification of the interplay that metaphor holds with frames, image schemas, and metonymy.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

The Evolutionary Psychology of Scientific Publishing: Cost-Benefit Optimization of Players in the Game

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milind Watve
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Current System ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
Collective Goal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Collective Goals ◽  
Innate Tendency

Peer reviewed scientific publishing is critical for communicating important findings, interpretations and theories in any branch of science. While the value of peer review is rarely doubted, much concern is being raised about the possible biases in the process. I argue here that most of the biases originate in the evolved innate tendency of every player to optimize one’s own cost benefits. Different players in the scientific publishing game have different cost-benefit optima. There are multiple conflicts between individual optima and collective goals. An analysis of the cost-benefit optima of every player in the scientific publishing game shows how and why biases originate. In the current system of publishing, by optimization considerations, the probability of publishing a ‘bad’ manuscript is relatively small but the probability of rejecting a ‘good’ manuscript is very high. By continuing with the current publishing structure, the global distribution of the scientific community would be increasingly clustered. Publication biases by gender, ethnicity, reputation, conformation and conformity will be increasingly common and revolutionary concepts increasingly difficult to publish. Ultimately, I explore the possibility of designing a peer review publishing system in which the conflicts between individual optimization and collective goal can be minimized. In such a system, if everyone behaves with maximum selfishness, biases would be minimized and the progress towards the collective goal would be faster and smoother. Changing towards such a system might prove difficult unless a critical mass of authors take an active role to revolutionize scientific publishing.

Changing Role of Agriculture in Income and Employment, and Trends of Agricultural Worker Productivity in Indian States

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-189
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Agricultural Worker ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Changing Role

The productivity of land has been often discussed and deliberated by the academia and policymakers to understand agriculture, however, very few studies have focused on the agriculture worker productivity to analyze this sector. This study concentrates on the productivity of agricultural workers from across the states taking two-time points into consideration. The agriculture worker productivity needs to be dealt with seriously and on a time series basis so that the marginal productivity of worker can be ascertained but also the dependency of worker on agriculture gets revealed. There is still disguised unemployment in all the states and high level of labour migration, yet most of the states showed the dependency has gone down. Although a state like Madhya Pradesh is doing very well in terms of income earned but that is at the cost of increased worker power in agriculture as a result of which, the productivity of worker has gone down. States like Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura, though small in size showed remarkable growth in productivity and all these states showed a positive trend in terms of worker shifting away from agriculture. The traditional states which gained the most from Green Revolution of the sixties are performing decently well, but they need to have the next major policy push so that they move to the next orbit of growth.

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