Multiplex livelihoods in rural Africa: recasting the terms and conditions of gainful employment

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Fahy Bryceson
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Gainful Employment ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Recent Case Study ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Citing recent case study evidence from various parts of Africa, this article argues that the income diversification efforts of most rural dwellers over the past decade have been directed at meeting daily needs amidst declining returns to commercial agriculture. Individuals and households have experimented with new forms of livelihood, expanding their non-agricultural income sources, while retaining their base in subsistence farming. Various livelihood patterns are emerging, depending on historical, geographical and agro-ecological factors at local and national levels. Livelihood experimentation has catalysed overlapping arenas of dynamic change, notably disequilibria between households and individual members, tensions between generations, the recalibration of gender power balances, and a search for new social networks. So far this surge of livelihood ‘multiplexity’ has not generated adequate overall levels of gainful employment, technical innovation, purchasing power or welfare improvement. Thus, probing the complex interplay of economic, social, cultural and political dynamics in rural Africa becomes all the more essential for effective policy formulation.

scholarly journals An Alternative Planning Perspective for Regional Growth and Development in Pakistan

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Akmal Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Regional Disparity ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
Regional Economic Disparity ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Provincial Autonomy

In Pakistan, historically, regional economic disparity has been an important political issue. During the 1960’s the economic disparity between East and West Pakistan fueled the movement for provincial autonomy in East Pakistan and subsequently the movement for national independence in what became Bangladesh in 1971. During the late 1970’s and 1980’s the issue of regional disparity between the provinces of what remains of Pakistan has acquired an explosive potential. However, this is an issue that has been charged by emotion, and it may be time now to begin a serious analysis to enable effective policy formulation to overcome the problem.

Economic Analysis of Non-Farm and Off-Farm Income Sector: A Way Ahead in Making Farmers Income Profitable

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Multi Stage

Income diversification is an important strategy to augments income among small and marginal farmers. This study evaluated the income diversification among farm households in the Ariyalur district. A multi-stage sampling technique was used, and 115 rural households were selected by applying Arkin and Colton formula. The data collected were analyzed using the Herfindahl index and Gini-coefficient. The results showed that the average number of income sources accessed by all marginal farmers is about 1.81, and small farmers are about 1.90, and small farmers had an income diversification range of 0.64 to 0.65, which is a medium diversification category. When the non-farm and off income were considered together with agricultural income, the overall income inequality dropped. The results suggested that the local government should take serious steps to create employment avenues for smallholders outside agriculture that provide credit, training, and necessary inputs to rural households and recommended for public investment in rural infrastructures, such as roads and bridges, telecommunications, education, energy, and water.

scholarly journals Climate-Smart Agriculture and Non-Agricultural Livelihood Transformation

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Hellin ◽  
Eleanor Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Farm Households ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Land Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Farming Households

Agricultural researchers have developed a number of agricultural technologies and practices, known collectively as climate-smart agriculture (CSA), as part of climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. Development practitioners invest in scaling these to have a wider impact. We use the example of the Western Highlands in Guatemala to illustrate how a focus on the number of farmers adopting CSA can foster a tendency to homogenize farmers, instead of recognizing differentiation within farming populations. Poverty is endemic in the Western Highlands, and inequitable land distribution means that farmers have, on average, access to 0.06 ha per person. For many farmers, agriculture per se does not represent a pathway out of poverty, and they are increasingly reliant on non-agricultural income sources. Ineffective targeting of CSA, hence, ignores small-scale farming households’ different capacities for livelihood transformation, which are linked to the opportunities and constraints afforded by different livelihood pathways, agricultural and non-agricultural. Climate-smart interventions will often require a broader and more radical agenda that includes supporting farm households’ ability to build non-agricultural-based livelihoods. Climate risk management options that include livelihood transformation of both agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods will require concerted cross-disciplinary research and development that encompasses a broader set of disciplines than has tended to be the case to date within the context of CSA.

Food supply and agricultural self-sufficiency in contemporary Iran

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
National Income ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Gainful Employment ◽  
Agricultural Employment ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Iran was preeminently and agricultural country until recent times. Growth of oil production, exports and revenues during the course of the twentieth century led increasingly to it playing an expanded but rather geographically and economically restricted role in the structures of both employment and national income. As late as the 1960s, more than half of all Iranians in gainful employment were to be found in agriculture or related activities and most Iranians were essentially rural dwellers. Only with the advent of land reform and other upheavals in the countryside from 1961 was there a marked change in the situation. Whatever its other merits, land reform overthrew a form of equilibrium in rural areas that had previously fostered conservatism, isolation and immobility. Among the changes brought in the train of reforms enforced by the central authorities beginning in the early 1960s were displacement of population at an accelerating rate. Rural People left agricultural employment and, as soon as opportunity presented itself, moved from the villages to the towns.

scholarly journals Smokeless tobacco control in India: policy review and lessons for high-burden countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. e002367
Author(s):  
Amit Yadav ◽  
Prashant Kumar Singh ◽  
Nisha Yadav ◽  
Ravi Kaushik ◽  
Kumar Chandan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Strict Enforcement

We examined the magnitude of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use in India and identified policy gaps to ascertain the priorities for SLT control in India and other high SLT burden countries in the Southeast Asia region. We reviewed and analysed the legal and policy framework to identify policy gaps, options and priority areas to address the SLT burden in India and lessons thereof. In India, 21.4% adults, including 29.6% of men, 12.8% of women, use SLT while more than 0.35 million Indians die every year due to SLT use. SLT use remains a huge public health concern for other countries in the region as well. Priority areas for SLT control should include: constant monitoring, increasing taxes and price of SLT products, strengthening and strict enforcement of existing laws, integration of SLT cessation with all health and development programmes, banning of advertisement and promotion of SLT, increasing age of access to tobacco up to 21 years, introducing licensing for the sale of SLT, standardising of SLT packaging and preventing SLT industry interference in the implementation of SLT control policies besides a committed multistakeholder approach for effective policy formulation and enforcement. SLT control in India and the other high SLT burden countries, especially in the Southeast Asia region, should focus on strengthening and implementing the above policy priorities.

scholarly journals Influence of History, Geography, and Economics on the Elimination of Malaria: A Perspective on Disease Persistence in Rural Areas of Zambia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Mukumbuta Nawa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Transformative Action ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
Rural Dwellers

The fight against malaria is currently ongoing in many countries where the disease is still endemic. The overall target is to eliminate malaria in all nations, regardless of their malaria burden, by 2030. Currently, the disease has been eliminated mainly in low-burden and unstable malaria areas globally. However, in high-burden countries, particularly in Africa, the disease is still not eliminated; some countries are even recording increases in incidence. This paper discusses why the disease is currently being eliminated in some countries and not in others using a historical and geo-economic perspective. It identifies gaps in the primary contemporary interventions in high endemic areas, particularly in rural constituencies where incidence of the disease is even higher. The key discussion point is that poor housing and behavioral patterns predispose rural dwellers to more malaria. Other risk factors include agricultural occupations, livestock keeping, and the fact that mosquito vectors in Africa thrive more in rural than urban areas. Combating malaria in rural African areas, therefore, requires radical transformative action to address the unique situations that currently enable the persistence of malaria beyond the contemporary, mainly indoor, and health facility-based interventions. Improving housing structures in rural Africa, which are mainly mud and thatched huts, to at least insect-proof standards is the recommended transformative action. Moreover, behavioral patterns, such as cooking outdoors in the evenings, must be modified to cooking in improvised insect-proof kitchens.

Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan: Using Evidence Based Social Ecological Model for Explanation and Policy Formulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272684X2110131
Author(s):  
Syed Saleem Abbas ◽  
Tahira Jabeen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Social Ecological Model ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Social Ecological

Due to recent high profile media reported cases of child sexual abuse in Pakistan a serious public concern is observed with a strong punitive public demand rather than proactive and preventive approach as solution. Instead of reactive approach, it is needed to formulate a policy based on valid causal ground for solution of this problem. Purpose of this cross sectional study is to provide a causal ground based on evidence based social ecological model for holistic policy response for addressing issue of CSA. Using ICAST-R, equal number of male and female 274 university students were asked about experience of CSA, re-victimization, age at the time of CSA, perpetrators, disclosure patterns and social support after disclosure of CSA. On the basis of data, evidence based social ecological model was used for explanation of individual, family, societal and institutional factors related to CSA in Pakistan for formulation of effective prevention strategy. According to findings most frequent age at the time of CSA is between 6th to 18th year of age with 9th year as most frequently reported. Experience of CSA was reported more frequently by boys than girls. Peers were identified as highest reported perpetrators and majority of the perpetrators were known to the child. Instead of reactive and punitive approach towards issue of CSA it is needed to formulate a policy based on social ecological factors of society.

scholarly journals Economic Cost of Absentee and Dropout Students in Public Schools of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ram Rekha Roy ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Resource Loss ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Using Data

High absenteeism and dropout rates in school are considered one of the major stumbling blocks in achieving educational goals in developing countries. Absentees and dropouts impose a large resource cost on the educational system and the society. The study examines the economic cost of absentee and dropout students in public schools of Nepal. Using data from public schools in a rural municipality in Nepal, the study estimates the unit cost of absentee and dropout students by level. Cost of human resource, stationery, utility and fixed costs of building and furniture were the components for estimating unit costs. The findings reveal that the unit cost of students was equivalent to U.S. $295, 130 and 143 for primary, lower-secondary, and secondary levels respectively, and an average of U.S. $189 overall. The resource loss due to dropout was around 28, 12, and 11 percent of the total resource spent for primary, lower secondary and secondary levels respectively with an average of around 16 percent. The combined resource loss from dropouts and absentees were found to be 39, 23 and 20 percent for the different levels. On average, 26 percent of the public-school resource was lost due to dropouts and absentees. The main causes of dropout and absenteeism were the lack of interest, motivation of parents and the children to attend the school. The study suggests the need for more comprehensive and in depth study for effective policy formulation to address this problem.

Could Bunker Fuel Price Changes Impact Coal Spot Rates and Shipping's Carbon Emissions?

2016 ◽  
pp. 148-164
Author(s):  
Nasima T. Chowdhury ◽  
John Dinwoodie
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Global Management ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Bunker Fuel

This chapter aims to assess the impact of bunker fuel price changes on spot freight rates for shipping coal, by estimating relevant elasticities using a top down approach. Monthly time series data drawn from Clarkson's Shipping Information Network revealed a breakpoint in late 2004 defining two distinct phases. Ordinary least squares modelling revealed low elasticities in a relatively stable market from 1991-2004 and high elasticities in a volatile market from 2005-2012. Knowledge of relevant elasticities inputs to effective global management of for example shipping's atmospheric emissions. Coking coal freight rates are more responsive to bunker prices than steam coal markets. In a volatile market, market based measures to reduce shipping's emissions which might include a bunker fuel levy, appear to have greater impacts on freight rates. However, complexities in the market environment frustrate effective policy formulation.

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