scholarly journals An unusual suctorial montacutid bivalve from the deep Atlantic

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ventral Margin ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Veliger Stage ◽  
First Time

The shell and internal anatomy of the montacutid bivalve Mysella verrilli is described for the first time. The species is remarkable in that the oesophagus has developed into a suctorial proboscis. This has been accompanied by the loss of the palps. In addition the gonads have been extended from the dorsal part of the body to form two gill-like extensions to which the reduced inner demibranchs attach along the postero–ventral margin. Mysella verrilli broods its young in the mantle cavity to the late veliger stage before releasing them. It is believed that the species is probably a suctorial ectoparasite on a soft-bodied benthic invertebrate.

Notes on the development of Paludina vivipara , with special reference to the urinogenital organs and theories of gasteropod torsion. (Preliminary note.)

1902 ◽  
Vol 69 (451-458) ◽  
pp. 291-294
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Identical Position ◽  
First Time

Von Erlanger, in his work on the development of Paludina, made known for the first time the existence, at an early stage of development, of a rudimentary kidney belonging to the original left side of the body. He describes it as formed in the same manner as the definitive kidney, that is, as an evagination of the pericardial wall. According to him, at a fairly early stage it degenerates, together with the ingrowth of the mantle cavity, which formed its rudimentary duct, and a later evagination of the pericardial wall in an almost identical position gives rise to the gonad. This soon loses its connection with the pericardium and becomes vesicular, while an ingrowth of the mantle cavity, presumably the arrested kidney duct, grows towards it and finally fuses with it to form the gonaduct.

VIII.—On the Ciliary Currents on the Gills of Some Tellinacea (Lamellibranchiata)

1938 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair Graham
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Free Edge ◽  
Bivalve Mollusc ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ventral Margin ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Narrow Strip ◽  
Axial Extension ◽  
Triangular Area

I have previously (Graham, 1934) noted the fact that in the bivalve mollusc Solecurtus scopula the structure of the outer gills is peculiar in that they possess no groove along the free edge as do the inner and the great majority of lamellibranch gills. In Solecurtus (fig. 1) the gills are rather long and narrow, the outer shorter than the inner on each side, leaving a small triangular area of the latter exposed at the anterior end as well as a narrow strip along the ventral margin. The outer gill is provided with a supra-axial extension reaching to the dorsal part of the body on each side. The lamellæ are plicate, and the filaments lying on the summits of the folds on the outer gill project at the free edge further than do those at the bottom of the folds, so that the entire gill has a wavy or scalloped edge. It was of interest to investigate the effect of this departure from the normal structure of the gill on the ciliary mechanisms found there.

The internal anatomy of Typhlops schneider (Reptilia)

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Robb
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath ◽  
First Time

The internal anatomy of Typhlops shows a number of interesting features which support the hypothesis that the typhlopids are wrongly classified among the Ophidia, and that they should either be given subordinal rank, equivalent to the Sauria and the Serpentes, or be made an infra-order of the Sauria. The alimentary, vascular, respiratory, and reproductive systems are described in detail for the first time. The most striking peculiarities occur in the respiratory and reproductive systems. Unlike most snakes, Typhlops has two functional lungs, one occupying most of the anterior third of the body cavity, and the other smaller one lying immediately behind it. All the pulmonary blood vessels are well developed. The male reproductive organs are solid, grooved, protrusible structures, each of which is contained within a connective tissue sheath in the postanal region. These organs are unlike the hemipenes of any snake or lizard of which a description can be found. Both male and female animals possess a large cloaca1 gland in the postanal region. There are also several uncommon features in the alimentary and vascular systems.

Re-discovery and novel contributions to morphology and multigene phylogeny of Myxophyllum steenstrupi (Ciliophora: Pleuronematida), an obligate symbiont of terrestrial pulmonates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengyue Zhang ◽  
Peter Vďačný
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Multigene Phylogeny ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Obligate Symbiont ◽  
First Time ◽  
Posterior Body Region

Abstract Myxophyllum steenstrupi is a symbiotic ciliate living in the body slime and mantle cavity of terrestrial pulmonates (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). In the present study, M. steenstrupi was re-discovered after almost 30 years and characterized using an integrative morpho-molecular approach for the first time. Myxophyllum is distinguished by a broadly ovate, about 140 × 115 μm-sized body, a nuclear apparatus typically composed of seven macronuclear nodules and a single micronucleus, a central contractile vacuole, a shallow oral cavity situated in the posterior body region and dense somatic ciliature with extensive thigmotactic field. According to the present phylogenetic analyses of two mitochondrial and five nuclear markers, M. steenstrupi is classified in the predominantly free-living order Pleuronematida (Oligohymenophorea: Scuticociliatia). This order also encompasses other taxa isolated from molluscs and traditionally classified along with Myxophyllum in the order Thigmotrichida. The proper classifications of Myxophyllum was hampered by the dramatic remodelling of its oral apparatus (reduction of the paroral membrane and adoral organelles, formation of vestibular kineties), a transformation that was likely induced by its firm association with terrestrial gastropods. The present study also documents that various ciliate lineages independently became commensals or parasites of various aquatic and terrestrial molluscs.

scholarly journals Electro-Quasistatic Animal Body Communication for Untethered Rodent Biopotential Recording

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreeya Sriram ◽  
Shitij Avlani ◽  
Matthew P. Ward ◽  
Shreyas Sen
Keyword(s):  
Lower Energy ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Body ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Current State ◽  
Communication Modalities ◽  
First Time ◽  
Biopotential Recording

AbstractContinuous multi-channel monitoring of biopotential signals is vital in understanding the body as a whole, facilitating accurate models and predictions in neural research. The current state of the art in wireless technologies for untethered biopotential recordings rely on radiative electromagnetic (EM) fields. In such transmissions, only a small fraction of this energy is received since the EM fields are widely radiated resulting in lossy inefficient systems. Using the body as a communication medium (similar to a ’wire’) allows for the containment of the energy within the body, yielding order(s) of magnitude lower energy than radiative EM communication. In this work, we introduce Animal Body Communication (ABC), which utilizes the concept of using the body as a medium into the domain of untethered animal biopotential recording. This work, for the first time, develops the theory and models for animal body communication circuitry and channel loss. Using this theoretical model, a sub-inch$$^3$$ 3 [1″ × 1″ × 0.4″], custom-designed sensor node is built using off the shelf components which is capable of sensing and transmitting biopotential signals, through the body of the rat at significantly lower powers compared to traditional wireless transmissions. In-vivo experimental analysis proves that ABC successfully transmits acquired electrocardiogram (EKG) signals through the body with correlation $$>99\%$$ > 99 % when compared to traditional wireless communication modalities, with a 50$$\times$$ × reduction in power consumption.

scholarly journals Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Liang ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Tai-Yuan Chang ◽  
Chi-Hong Chen ◽  
Chen-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Full Body

AbstractBody ownership concerns what it is like to feel a body part or a full body as mine, and has become a prominent area of study. We propose that there is a closely related type of bodily self-consciousness largely neglected by researchers—experiential ownership. It refers to the sense that I am the one who is having a conscious experience. Are body ownership and experiential ownership actually the same phenomenon or are they genuinely different? In our experiments, the participant watched a rubber hand or someone else’s body from the first-person perspective and was touched either synchronously or asynchronously. The main findings: (1) The sense of body ownership was hindered in the asynchronous conditions of both the body-part and the full-body experiments. However, a strong sense of experiential ownership was observed in those conditions. (2) We found the opposite when the participants’ responses were measured after tactile stimulations had ceased for 5 s. In the synchronous conditions of another set of body-part and full-body experiments, only experiential ownership was blocked but not body ownership. These results demonstrate for the first time the double dissociation between body ownership and experiential ownership. Experiential ownership is indeed a distinct type of bodily self-consciousness.

scholarly journals Normalizing Vision: The Representation and Use of Spectacles and Eyeglasses in Victorian Britain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Almond
Keyword(s):  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Victorian Britain ◽  
Victorian Period ◽  
First Time ◽  
Material Evidence

Abstract This study explores the representation and use of Victorian visual aids, specifically focusing on how the design of spectacle and eyeglass frames shaped ideas of the ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ body. It contributes to our understanding of assistive technologies in the Victorian period by showcasing the usefulness of material evidence for exploring how an object was produced and perceived. By placing visual aids in their medical and cultural context for the first time, it will show how the study of spectacle and eyeglass frames develops our understanding of Victorian society more broadly. Contemporaries drew upon industrialization, increasing education, and the proliferation of print to explain a rise in refractive vision ‘errors’. Through exploring the design of three spectacle frames from the London Science Museum’s collections, this study will show how the representations and manufacture of visual aids transformed in response to these wider changes. The material evidence, as well as contemporary newspapers, periodicals, and medical texts, reveal that visual aids evolved from an unusual to a more mainstream device. It argues that visual aids are a unique assistive technology, one that is able to inform our understanding of how Victorians measured the body and constructed ideas of ‘normalcy’ and ‘abnormalcy’.

scholarly journals Structural, Superconducting and Magnetic Properties of La3-XRxNi2B2N3-δ with R = Ce, Pr, Nd

2011 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahir Ali ◽  
Ernst Bauer ◽  
Gerfried Hilscher ◽  
Herwig Michor
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spin Reorientation ◽  
Superconducting Transition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Range Magnetic Order ◽  
Long Range Magnetic Order ◽  
First Time ◽  
Magnetic Pair

We report on structural and superconducting properties of La3-xRxNi2B2N3- where La is substituted by the magnetic rare-earth elements Ce, Pr, Nd. The compounds Pr3Ni2B2N3- and Nd3Ni2B2N3- are characterized for the first time. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed all samples R3Ni2B2N3- with R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd and their solid solutions to crystallize in the body centered tetragonal La3Ni2B2N3 structure type. Superconducting and magnetic properties of La3-xRxNi2B2N3- were studied by resistivity, specific heat and susceptibility measurements. While La3Ni2B2N3- has a superconducting transition temperature Tc ~ 14 K, substitution of La by Ce, Pr, and Nd leads to magnetic pair breaking and, thus, to a gradual suppression of superconductivity. Pr3Ni2B2N3- exibits no long range magnetic order down to 2 K, Nd3Ni2B2N3- shows ferrimagnetic ordering below TC =17 K and a spin reorientation transition to a nearly antiferromagnetic state at 10 K.

The internal anatomy of the woodlouse, Metoponorthus pruinosus (Brandt), (Porcellionidae, Peracarida)

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Alikhan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Digestive Glands

Tbe circulatory system, lying in the mid-dorsal line of the body, consists of an oval heart, the opthalmic artery, and a dorsal abdominal artery.The digestive system comprises a wide, large alimentary tube and two pairs of digestive glands. An oesophagus, a proventriculus, midgut, and a short proctodacum or hindgut form the digestive tube. The digestive glands are very well developed and are beaded in form; each pair lies on either side of the alimentary canal.The reproductive organs are well developed in both sexes: in the male they consist of paired testes and their vas deferentia, and in the female paired bilobed ovaries and oviducts.A cerebral or supraoesophageal ganglion, a suboesophageal ganglion, and seven thoracic ganglia form the nervous system. The supraoesophageal ganglion is united with the suboesophageal ganglion by means of the circumoesophageal commissures, whereas the thoracic ganglia and suboesophageal ganglia are linked with each other by paired connectives.The gills and the tracheae are the organs of respiration. The gills are borne of the bases of the pleopods and are enclosed in the branchial chamber. The tracheae are located on the lateral lobes of the first two pleopods only.

MICROSCOPIC CHANGES IN THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF WHITE MICE DURING EXPERIMENTAL IRON (IV) CLATHROCHELATE TOXICOSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Borysevych ◽  
◽  
V. V. Lisova ◽  
I. M. Derkach ◽  
S. S. Derkach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Response ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Experimental Drug ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
First Time

Iron (IV) clathrochelate based on a macrobicyclic ligand of the hexahydrazide type is a unique compound that contains iron in a rare high valence IV. Preclinical and clinical studies of this complex, which were started for the first time in Ukraine, have an important theoretical and practical consequence as this complex can be recommended as an active substance in iron-containing drugs with antianemic action. In conducting preclinical studies of new drugs, pathomorphological studies are important because they are a necessary step in studying the biological response of animals to the action of test substances. It was found that some pathological changes develop in the body of white mice under conditions of experimental acute and chronic iron (IV) clathrochelate intoxication. They correlated with the dose of the test compound. During chronic intoxication, the microscopic changes in the liver and kidney of white mice treated with iron (IV) clathrochelate at a dose of 1/10 DL50 were similar to the microscopic changes in the liver and kidney of mice treated with the experimental drug at a dose of 1/5 DL50. However, the severity of these changes was lower, reflecting a lower degree of organ damage. In the myocardium of mice treated with iron (IV) clathrochelate at a dose of 1/5 DL50 on the 10th day, as in acute iron (IV) clathrochelate poisoning, only edema was recorded. The prospects for further research are the study of microscopic changes in the organs of laboratory animals of other species during experimental iron (IV) clathrochelate toxicosis.

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