scholarly journals The accumulation of radioactive caesium in crabs

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
A Value ◽  
Cancer Pagurus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accuracy Rates

SUMMARYThe accumulation of 134Cs and 42K from artificial sea water has been followed in crabs of the following species, viz. Carcinus maenas, Portunus puber, P. depurator, Polybius henslowi, Cancer pagurus and Corystes. cassivelaunm. In all cases 134Cs is taken up far more slowly than 42K but at equilibrium a higher concentration factor is attained by 134Cs. In Carcinus a value of about 8 is found for 134Cs and about 4 for 42K. Uptake of 134Cs in Carcinus is not affected by feeding on inactive food over a period of 1000 h. The relationship between the rates of uptake of the two isotopes is not the same in the different species and it is concluded that it would not be possible to predict with any accuracy rates of uptake for 134Cs in other species of crabs from the results of short 42K experiments.Uptake of 134Cs was followed in the blood and tissues of Carcinus and Cancer, and muscle is the principal limiting factor in the attainment of equilibrium by whole animals. Uptake of 42K by tissues has also been followed and in all species nearly all the inactive K appears to be readily exchangeable. At equilibrium in all species plasma/sea water and tissue/plasma 134Cs ratios nearly always exceed those for inactive K. The tissue/plasma 134Cs ratios in Carcinus are about twice those for K and the significance of this has been discussed.Loss of both isotopes in whole Carcinus is a slower process than uptake.Isotope accumulation takes place mainly across the body surface in unfed animals, but uptake of 134Cs from food is very rapid and complete and would considerably enhance the attainment of equilibrium in a natural environment.Selective excretion of 134Cs relative to K has been found in Carcinus, Cancer and Portunus puber.

The accumulation of 137Cs by brackish water invertebrates and its relation to the regulation of potassium and sodium

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Concentration Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Potamopyrgus Jenkinsi

The relationship between the ability of brackish water invertebrates to regulate Na and K and the extent to which the radioactive fission product 137Cs can be accumulated has been studied.The brackish water isopod Sphaeroma hookeri and the gastropod Potamopyrgus jenkinsi have been acclimatised to a wide range of sea-water dilutions. Unfed Sphaeroma can survive in sea-water concentrations of 100–2·5%, while Potamopyrgus can live fairly indefinitely in concentrations of 50–0·1%. Measurements of Na and K in the whole animals of both species and in the blood of Sphaeroma have been made. Salt movements are quite rapid and acclimatization to new media is achieved by both species in less than 10 h. Concentration factors for inactive K in particular increase to high values in the more dilute media.Uptake of the isotopes 42K and 137Cs from solution has been examined in both species over a range of sea-water concentrations. All of the body K is exchangeable with 42K and in Sphaeroma exchange of 42K between the blood and tissues is so rapid that the body surface appears to be the limiting factor in the uptake of the isotope. Both species exchange 42K more rapidly in the higher concentrations of sea water and one reason for this may be the existence of an exchange diffusion component of exchange which increases as the salinity of the medium is raised. Indirect evidence suggests that the excretion of 42K in urine is probably not an important factor in exchange.

Potassium metabolism and the accumulation of 137Caesium by decapod Crustacea

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bryan ◽  
Eileen Ward
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Decapod Crustacea ◽  
Concentration Factors ◽  
Potassium Metabolism

SUMMARYThe accumulation of 137Cs from sea water has been examined in relation to potassium metabolism in the lobster Homarus vulgaris and in the prawn Palaemon serratus. In unfed animals 137Cs is taken up and lost far more slowly than 42K. Although all the inactive K in the animals can be exchanged with 42K, higher whole-animal concentration factors are reached for 137Cs (about eight for lobsters and twenty-five for prawns). This is because both species have higher plasma/medium ratios for 137Cs than K at equilibrium despite the selective excretion of 137Cs. Also, except for the hepatopancreas in lobsters and fed prawns, all soft tissues can probably attain higher tissue/plasma ratios for 137Cs than inactive K.Uptake of both isotopes has also been studied in the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes. In crayfish in o-i % sea water 137Cs is not concentrated to the same extent as K by whole animals (50-200 for 137Cs against about 4500 for K). Although the situation between plasma and tissues resembles that in the marine animals, 137Cs cannot be accumulated in the plasma to the same degree as K. Crayfish selectively excrete 137Cs in the urine relative to K at a lower concentration than in the plasma.In the accumulation of 137Cs by all species, muscle is the principal limiting factor in uptake and loss, but with 42K the body surface becomes more limiting.Experiments on the absorption of 137Cs from food in prawns and freshwater crayfish have been carried out. In prawns in a constant environment, feeding is probably less important than uptake over the body surface while in crayfish feeding is probably much more important.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Vibratory Sensation and Body Surface Vibration Induced by Low-Frequency Noise

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukio Takahashi ◽  
Kazuo Kanada ◽  
Yoshiharu Yonekawa
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Frequency Noise ◽  
Low Frequency Noise ◽  
Vibration Acceleration ◽  
Surface Vibration ◽  
Human Body Surface ◽  
The Relationship

Human body surface vibration induced by low-frequency noise was measured at the forehead, the chest and the abdomen. At the same time, subjects rated their vibratory sensation at each of these locations. The relationship between the measured vibration on the body surface and the rated vibratory sensation was examined, revealing that the vibratory sensations perceived in the chest and abdomen correlated closely with the vibration acceleration levels of the body surface vibration. This suggested that a person exposed to low-frequency noise perceives vibration at the chest or abdomen by sensing the mechanical vibration that the noise induces in the body. At the head, on the other hand, it was found that the vibratory sensation correlated comparably with the vibration acceleration level of the body surface vibration and the sound pressure level of the noise stimulus. This finding suggested that the mechanism of perception of vibration in the head is different from that of the perception of vibratory sensation in the chest and the abdomen.

Zinc Regulation in the Lobster Homarus Gammarus: Importance of Different Pathways of Absorption and Excretion

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bryan ◽  
L. G. Hummerstone ◽  
Eileen Ward
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Homarus Gammarus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Concentration

Zinc is one of the most important of the essential trace metals and more than 90 zinc-containing enymes and proteins have been discovered: furthermore, zinc increases the activity of many other enzymes (Vallee, 1978). It is not surprising, therefore, that in some groups of animals the body concentration is regulated against fluctuations in intake. Decapod crustaceans comprise one such group, although the ways in which regulation is achieved vary from species to species. In the freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, excretion in the faeces is a major pathway for removing zinc (Bryan, 1967a) whereas in the shore crab Carcinus maenas losses over the body surface also assume considerable importance (Bryan, 1966). On the other hand, preliminary work on the lobster Homarus gammarus (formerly H. vulgaris) suggests that in this species urinary excretion plays a major role in regulation (Bryan, 1964). The present work continues the study of zinc regulation in lobsters and its main aims are: (1) to measure rates of absorption from sea water over a wide range of concentrations and study the uptake mechanism; (2) to examine absorption from the stomach under different conditions; (3) to determine the relative importance of different pathways for the removal of zinc in response to various levels of intake.

scholarly journals Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular septal defect haemodynamics

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 541-546
Author(s):  
Vesna Miranovic
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Septal Defect ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an opening in the interventricular septum. 30-50% of patients with congenital heart disease have VSD. Objective The aim of the study was to determine the dependence of the left ventricular diastolic dimension (LVD), left ventricular systolic dimension (LVS), shortening fraction (SF), left atrium (LA), pulmonary artery truncus (TPA) on the body surface and compare their values among experimental, control and a group of healthy children. Values of maximal systolic gradient pressure (Pvsd) of VSD were compared with children from one experimental and control group. Method Children were divided into three groups: experimental (32 children with VSD that were to go to surgery), control (20 children with VSD who did not require surgery) and 40 healthy children. Measurements of LVD, LVS, SF, LA, TPA were performed in accordance to recommendations of the American Echocardiographic Association. The value of Pvsd was calculated from the maximal flow velocity (V) in VSD using the following formula: Pvsd=4xV? (mm Hg). Results For children from the experimental group, the relationship between the body surface and the variability of the LVD was explained with 56.85%, LVS with 66.15%, SF with 4.9%, TPA with 58.92%. For children from the control group, the relationship between the body surface and the variability of LVD was explained with 88.8%, LVS with 72.5%, SF with 0.42%, PA with 58.92%. For healthy children, the relationship between the body surface and the variabilitiy of the LVD was explained with 88.8%, LVS with 88.78%, SF with 5.25% and PA with 84.75%. There was a significant statistical difference between average values of Pvsd in the experimental and control group (p<0.02). Conclusion The presence of the large VSD has an influence on the enlargement of LVD, LVS, SF, TPA. The enlargement of the size of the pulmonary artery depends on the presence of VSD and there is a direct variation in the magnitude of the shunt. There is a relationship and significant dependence of the LVS and LVD on the body surface. There is no statistically significant dependence between SF and body surface.

Osmoregulation in the Larva of the Marine Caddis Fly, Philanisus Plebeius (Walk.) (Trichoptera)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-838
Author(s):  
JOHN P. LEADER
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Caddis Fly

1. The larva of Philanisus plebeius is capable of surviving for at least 10 days in external salt concentrations from 90 mM/l sodium chloride (about 15 % sea water) to 900 mM/l sodium chloride (about 150 % sea water). 2. Over this range the osmotic pressure and the sodium and chloride ion concentrations of the haemolymph are strongly regulated. The osmotic pressure of the midgut fluid and rectal fluid is also strongly regulated. 3. The body surface of the larva is highly permeable to water and sodium ions. 4. In sea water the larva is exposed to a large osmotic flow of water outwards across the body surface. This loss is replaced by drinking the medium. 5. The rectal fluid of larvae in sea water, although hyperosmotic to the haemolymph, is hypo-osmotic to the medium, making it necessary to postulate an extra-renal site of salt excretion. 6. Measurements of electrical potential difference across the body wall of the larva suggest that in sea water this tissue actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the body.

Gill and Body Surface Areas of the Carp in relation to Body Mass, With Special Reference To The Metabolism-Size Relationship

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIN OIKAWA ◽  
YASUO ITAZAWA
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Positive Allometry ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Resting Metabolism ◽  
The Relationship

The relationships of resting metabolism per unit mass of body to gill and body surface areas were examined by measuring gill, body surface and fin areas of carp ranging from 0.0016 to 2250g. There was a triphasic allometry for the relationship between gill area and body mass: during the prelarval (0.0016–0.003 g) and postlarval (0.003–0.2g) stages there was a positive allometry (slopes of 7.066 and 1.222, respectively), during the juvenile and later stages (0.2–2250 g) there was a negative allometry with a slope of 0.794. There was a diphasic negative allometry for the relationship between surface area of the body or the fins and body mass, with a slope of 0.596 or 0.523 during the larval stage and 0.664 or 0.724 during the juvenile and later stages, respectively. Except for the 3rd phase (juvenile to adult) of gill area, these slopes were significantly different (P&lt;0.01) from the slope for the relationship between resting metabolism and body mass of intact carp (0.84; value from Winberg, 1956). It is considered, therefore, that gill, body surface and fin areas do not directly regulate the resting metabolism of the fish, in the larval stage at least.

Breathing Movements in Entobdella Soleae (Trematoda, Monogenea) from the Skin of the Common Sole

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Kearn
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scyliorhinus Canicula ◽  
Solea Solea ◽  
Flat Fish ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Sole

An undulating movement of the body was observed in Entobdella soleae, a monogenean found on the blind surface of a mud-dwelling flat-fish, Solea solea, at Plymouth. The movement is described and shown to have a breathing function, the rate of undulation increasing with decreasing oxygen content of the ambient sea water and vice versa.The relationship between the movement and micro-habitat is discussed and the phenomenon is compared with breathing movements in other muddwelling animals.A similar movement was noted in three other skin-parasitic monogeneans: Acanthocotyle sp. from Raia clavata, Pseudocotyle squatinae from Squatina squatina and Leptocotyle minor from Scyliorhinus canicula.

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