The Glory of Ancient India Stems from her Aryan Blood: French anthropologists ‘construct’ the racial history of India for the world

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1576-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
JYOTI MOHAN
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Empire ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
The World ◽  
Racial History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paul Topinard ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn the last century the French presented their race-neutral policies as evidence of their colour blindness. Yet they were among the foremost proponents of race theory and racial hierarchy, which propelled the colonial machine of the nineteenth century. This article examines the role of French academics in creating a position for India in the racial imagination for the first time in history. It examines the motivations behind such a focus on India and the resulting response from Britain, the colonial ruler. The works of Paul Topinard, Louis Rousselet, Arthur Gobineau, and Gustave le Bon are situated in the colonial and political context of the mid-nineteenth century to demonstrate not only that it was the French, and not the Germans, who placed India on an Aryan pedestal, but that this move was propelled by the dream of an unfulfilled French empire in India.

The National and the Universal

2020 ◽  
pp. 368-386
Author(s):  
Sarah Collins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Johann Gottfried Herder ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the continuities between the categories of the “national” and the “universal” in the nineteenth century. It construes these categories as interrelated efforts to create a “world” on various scales. The chapter explores the perceived role of music as a world-making medium within these discourses. It argues that the increased exposure to cultural difference and the interpretation of that cultural difference as distant in time and space shaped a conception of “humanity” in terms of a universal history of world cultures. The chapter reexamines those early nineteenth-century thinkers whose work became inextricably linked with the rise of exclusivist notions of nationalism in the late nineteenth century, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and John Stuart Mill. It draws from their respective treatment of music to recover their early commitment to universalizable principles and their view that the “world” is something that must be actively created rather than empirically observed.

Historiosophy of N.Ya. Danilevsky

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Victor V. Aksyuchits
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
World History ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Russian People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

According to the author of the article, N.Ya. Danilevsky anticipated a lot of ideas of the 20th century, in particular those of O. Spengler and A. Toynbee, by offering his concept of cultural and historical types in the book “Russia and Europe”. At the same time N.Ya. Danilevsky was in many aspects the follower of Slavophils while interpreting the originality of Russian people and Russian culture. After the turn of the educated society circles to Russian national self-comprehension initiated by Slavophils, N.Ya. Danilevsky not only scientifically formulated the problems brought forth by the Slavophils, but also offered for the first time the resolution of new important questions by analyzing the world history and the history of Slavic peoples. The author especially stresses the role of N.Ya. Danilevsky in creating the historiosophic concept that forestalled the epoch for many decades.

scholarly journals Insecticide Resistance Associated with kdr Mutations in Aedes albopictus: An Update on Worldwide Evidences

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelangelo Auteri ◽  
Francesco La Russa ◽  
Valeria Blanda ◽  
Alessandra Torina
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pressure Selection

Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem worldwide that limits the efficacy of control methods against several pests of health interest. Among them, Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are efficient vectors of relevant pathogens causing animal and human diseases worldwide, including yellow fever, chikungunya, dengue, and Zika. Different mechanisms are associated in conferring resistance to chemical insecticides. One of the most widespread and analysed mechanisms is the knockdown resistance (kdr) causing resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. The mechanism is associated with mutations in the voltage sensitive sodium channel, which is involved in beginning and propagation of action potentials in nervous cells. The mechanism was originally discovered in the housefly and then it was found in a large number of arthropods. In 2011, a kdr associated mutation was evidenced for the first time in A. albopictus and afterward several evidences were reported in the different areas of the world, including China, USA, Brazil, India, and Mediterranean Countries. This review aims to update and summarize current evidences on kdr in A. albopictus, in order to stimulate further researches to analyse in depth A. albopictus resistance status across the world, especially in countries where the presence of this vector is still an emerging issue. Such information is currently needed given the well-known vector role of A. albopictus in the transmission of severe infectious diseases. Furthermore, the widespread use of chemical insecticides for control strategies against A. albopictus progressively lead to pressure selection inducing the rise of insecticide resistance-related mutations in the species. Such event is especially evident in some countries as China, often related to a history of uncontrolled use of chemical insecticides. Thus, a careful picture on the diffusion of kdr mutations worldwide represents a milestone for the implementation of control plans and the triggering of novel research on alternative strategies for mosquito-borne infections.

scholarly journals At the origins of epic work (to the history of the first chapter of V.P. Astafiev’s novel “Damned and Killed”)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-233
Author(s):  
Anastasiia I. Imennykh
Keyword(s):  
Title Complex ◽  
The Novel ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
Perm Krai ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Number Of Authors

The article is devoted to two early draft autographs of the first chapter of V.P. Astafievs novel Damned and Killed, discovered in the State Archive of the Perm Krai. They are compared in detail with each other and with the definitive text, which allows to clarify for the first time some essential aspects of the creative history of the work of Victor Astafiev at its initial stage. The analysis made it possible to understand the sequence and meaning of a number of authors decisions. The artistic imagery and stylistics of the novel tightened. This was reflected in the alteration of the title complex, as well as in a change in the visual angle, in strengthening the epic principle, and the increasing role of sound. Biographically motivated was the change in the name and surname of the protagonist Lyosha Shestakov (originally - Tolya Mazov). At the same time, the identification of differences between handwritten drafts and the final version showed that they do not affect the conceptual essence of the epic novel. The idea of war as an unnatural state of the world, as a series of events that irreparably traumatize human nature, unites all options, acquiring great expressiveness during the course of Astafievs work on the book.

scholarly journals Photographers Hart, Campbell and Company: The role of photography in exploration, tourism and national promotion in nineteenth century New Zealand.

2017 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Alan Cocker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
The South ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
The World ◽  
International Attention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gold Miners

It has been argued that “the history of New Zealand is unique because the period of pioneer colonization closely coincided with the invention and development of photography”1. However, as the first successfully recorded photograph in the country was not made until the late 1840s, the widespread use of photography came after the initial European settlement and its influence coincided more closely with the development of early tourism and with the exploration and later promotion of the country’s wild and remote places. The photographic partnership of William Hart and Charles Campbell followed the path of the gold miners into the hinterland of the South Island aware of its potential commercial photographic value. Photographers understood the “great public interest in what the colony looked like and inthe potential for features that would command international attention”2. Photography was promoted as presenting the world as it was, free of the interpretation of the artist. By the early 1880s the Hart, Campbell portfolio was extensive and their work featured at exhibitions in London, Sydney and Melbourne. Yet their photographs were criticised for fakery and William Hart’s photograph of Sutherland Falls, ‘the world’s highest waterfall’, promoted a quite inaccurate claim.

The problem of periodization of the history of religion

1997 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Borys Lobovyk
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Religious Development ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Religion

An important problem of religious studies, the history of religion as a branch of knowledge is the periodization process of the development of religious phenomenon. It is precisely here, as in focus, that the question of the essence and meaning of the religious development of the human being of the world, the origin of beliefs and cult, the reasons for the changes in them, the place and role of religion in the social and spiritual process, etc., are converging.

Adam Zalužanský’s “De sexu plantarum” (1592): an early pioneering chapter on plant sexuality

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Funk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Translation ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Botanical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

In the history of botany, Adam Zalužanský (d. 1613), a Bohemian physician, apothecary, botanist and professor at the University of Prague, is a little-known personality. Linnaeus's first biographers, for example, only knew Zalužanský from hearsay and suspected he was a native of Poland. This ignorance still pervades botanical history. Zalužanský is mentioned only peripherally or not at all. As late as the nineteenth century, a researcher would be unaware that Zalužanský’s main work Methodi herbariae libri tres actually existed in two editions from two different publishers (1592, Prague; 1604, Frankfurt). This paper introduces the life and work of Zalužanský. Special attention is paid to the chapter “De sexu plantarum” of Zalužanský’s Methodus, in which, more than one hundred years before the well-known De sexu plantarum epistola of R. J. Camerarius, the sexuality of plants is suggested. Additionally, for the first time, an English translation of Zalužanský’s chapter on plant sexuality is provided.

Moment's Monument

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Art World ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Modern Sculpture ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
Modern Experience ◽  
Artistic Heritage

Medardo Rosso (1858–1928) is one of the most original and influential figures in the history of modern art, and this book is the first historically substantiated critical account of his life and work. An innovative sculptor, photographer, and draftsman, Rosso was vital in paving the way for the transition from the academic forms of sculpture that persisted in the nineteenth century to the development of new and experimental forms in the twentieth century. His antimonumental, antiheroic work reflected alienation in the modern experience yet showed deep feeling for interactions between self and other. Rosso's art was transnational: he refused allegiance to a single culture or artistic heritage and declared himself both a citizen of the world and a maker of art without national limits. This book develops a narrative that is an alternative to the dominant Franco-centered perspective on the origin of modern sculpture in which Rodin plays the role of lone heroic innovator. Offering an original way to comprehend Rosso, the book negotiates the competing cultural imperatives of nationalism and internationalism that shaped the European art world at the fin de siècle.

A Well-Ordered Thing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Gordin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Dmitrii Mendeleev (1834–1907) is a name we recognize, but perhaps only as the creator of the periodic table of elements. Generally, little else has been known about him. This book is an authoritative biography of Mendeleev that draws a multifaceted portrait of his life for the first time. As the book reveals, Mendeleev was not only a luminary in the history of science, he was also an astonishingly wide-ranging political and cultural figure. From his attack on Spiritualism to his failed voyage to the Arctic and his near-mythical hot-air balloon trip, this is the story of an extraordinary maverick. The ideals that shaped his work outside science also led Mendeleev to order the elements and, eventually, to engineer one of the most fascinating scientific developments of the nineteenth century. This book is a classic work that tells the story of one of the world's most important minds.

Victorian Pain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ablow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Harriet Martineau ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
First Time

The nineteenth century introduced developments in science and medicine that made the eradication of pain conceivable for the first time. This new understanding of pain brought with it a complex set of moral and philosophical dilemmas. If pain serves no obvious purpose, how do we reconcile its existence with a well-ordered universe? Examining how writers of the day engaged with such questions, this book offers a compelling new literary and philosophical history of modern pain. The book provides close readings of novelists Charlotte Brontë and Thomas Hardy and political and natural philosophers John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, and Charles Darwin, as well as a variety of medical, scientific, and popular writers of the Victorian age. The book explores how discussions of pain served as investigations into the status of persons and the nature and parameters of social life. No longer conceivable as divine trial or punishment, pain in the nineteenth century came to seem instead like a historical accident suggesting little or nothing about the individual who suffers. A landmark study of Victorian literature and the history of pain, the book shows how these writers came to see pain as a social as well as a personal problem. Rather than simply self-evident to the sufferer and unknowable to anyone else, pain was also understood to be produced between persons—and even, perhaps, by the fictions they read.

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