The Street Leaders of Seoul and the Foundations of the South Korean Political Order

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 636-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIK MOBRAND
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
State Building ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Dirty Work ◽  
Political Careers ◽  
South Korean

AbstractIn the decade and a half following Korean liberation from Japan in 1945, a category of men prowled Seoul's back alleys and also its halls of power. These figures might be called street leaders, for they were directly linked on one hand to private agents of violence and on the other to the top state and political elites of the country. The most notorious individuals included Kim Tu-han, a gang leader who became an elected politician, and Yi Chŏng-jae, a ‘political gangster’ who helped party politicians with their dirty work. Street leaders like Kim and Yi were on the scene at key moments in the republic's early political development. An examination of the political careers of Kim and Yi reveals how important cooperation between such actors and elite politicians was to state-building, political mobilization, and design of electoral institutions—processes that created the contemporary South Korean polity. Both the alliances between politicians and street leaders as well as the destruction of those alliances left deep impressions on South Korean politics.

‘ARE YOU PLANTING TREES OR ARE YOU PLANTING PEOPLE?’ SQUATTER RESISTANCE AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE MAKING OF A KENYAN POSTCOLONIAL POLITICAL ORDER (c. 1963–78)

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARA MOSKOWITZ
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
International Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article examines squatter resistance to a World Bank-funded forest and paper factory project. The article illustrates how diverse actors came together at the sites of rural development projects in early postcolonial Kenya. It focuses on the relationship between the rural squatters who resisted the project and the political elites who intervened, particularly President Kenyatta. Together, these two groups not only negotiated the reformulation of a major international development program, but they also worked out broader questions about political authority and political culture. In negotiating development, rural actors and political elites decided how resources would be distributed and they entered into new patronage-based relationships, processes integral to the making of the postcolonial political order.

American Political Development from Citizens' Perspective: Tracking Federal Government's Presence in Individual Lives over Time

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Mettler ◽  
Andrew Milstein
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
American Political Development ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Political Roles ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Although scholars of American political development (APD) have helped transform many aspects of the study of U.S. politics over the last quarter-century, they have barely begun to use the powerful analytical tools of this approach to elucidate the relationship between government and citizens. APD research has probed deeply into the processes of state-building and the creation and implementation of specific policies, yet has given little attention to how such development affects the lives of individuals and the ways in which they relate to government. Studies routinely illuminate how policies influence the political roles of elites and organized groups, but barely touch on how the state shapes the experiences and responses of ordinary individuals. As a result, we know little about how governance has influenced citizenship over time or how those changes have, in turn, affected politics.

Constitutional Revolutions and State Formations in Comparison

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-89
Author(s):  
Nader Sohrabi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Political Development ◽  
State Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
Constitutional Revolution

The history of both modern Turkey and modern Iran have often been told through their founding figures, Atatürk and Reza Shah, whose state-building projects are often assumed to have been similar. This chapter compares the Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire of 1908 with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran in 1906 to point to both similarities and differences in the trajectories of these two countries in the early twentieth century. Both revolutions, it is argued, were foundational moments for the political development and processes of each country and are key to understanding the context in which Atatürk and Reza Shah emerged.

The Israeli Coalition System

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Z. Paltiel
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Political System ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The Stability ◽  
State Of Israel

ANALYSTS OF THE ISRAELI POLITICAL SYSTEM HAVE COMMONLY attributed the stability of the polity to factors closely associated with the role played by the various Israeli parties in the state's economic and social life, and/or to the existence of a dominant, institutionalized state-building party. The consociational approach ought to help to clarify those factors which have maintained the stability of the coalition system which has governed the state of Israel since its establishment in 1948 and whose roots may be traced back as far as 1933 and even earlier.The consociational model and the theory of elite accommodation have been elaborated in an effort to explain the maintenance of continuing political stability in what at first glance would appear to be societies deeply divided along social, economic, ethnic, religious and ideological lines. Political stability in fragmented societies from this standpoint rests on the overarching commitment of the political elites to the preservation and maintenance of the system and their readiness to cooperate to this end.

Bringing the Bosses Back in: The Irish Political Machines and Urban Policy Making

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Erie
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Municipal Services ◽  
Political Machines ◽  
Political Machine

Recently historians have ventured a multifaceted critique of boss rule, suggesting that the very existence of the political machine has been exaggerated, that machines did not materially affect patterns of political mobilization, had only a limited role in the making of public policy, and (contrary to pluralist theory) did little to improve the welfare of the ethnic working class. For these revisionists the boss was really a bit player in the era when he allegedly held center stage. As Terrence McDonald argued the case in the last installment of this annual, “ethnicity, patronage, and the machine” represent unduly narrow ways of viewing urban political development. According to Jon Teaford and David Thelan, urban political history needs to replace the party boss and his ethnic clientele with interest groups—business, labor, taxpayers, and consumers of municipal services—and their impact on local policies concerning economic development, taxation, and service delivery. In their view, the study of public policy making must take precedence over the allocation of party patronage.

scholarly journals Politización y transformaciones sociales en los pueblos de campaña del Estado de Buenos Aires, 1852-1861

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Ignacio Zubizarreta
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
State Building ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
Rural World

Resumen: El artículo analiza el proceso de legitimación de las elites políticas porteñas en el intrincado ámbito rural gracias a un proceso también impulsado por varios sectores de vecinos de campaña. Buscamos con él contribuir a comprender mejor las transformaciones en la cultura y en las prácticas sociales post Caseros, en la yuxtaposición de dos tendencias historiográficas que se han ocupado de estudiar la politización del mundo rural y la construcción del estado (State Building). Nos focalizaremos en las nuevas prácticas políticas y sociales iniciadas al calor de una ampliada libertad de prensa y del surgimiento de clubes recreativos y políticos.Palabras clave: campaña-Estado de Buenos Aires-política-sociabilidad-mediados del s. XIX----------------- Politicization and social transformations in the rural villages of the State of Buenos Aires, 1852-1861 Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the process of legitimization of the political elites of Buenos Aires in the intricate rural sphere as a result of a process likewise promoted by several neighboring rural sectors. Its aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the post-Caseros cultural transformations and social practices and of the transformations in the juxtaposition of two historiographical tendencies that have dealt with the politicization of the rural world and with State building. Its main focus will be the new political and social practices that began in the heat of a greater press freedom and of the rise of recreational and political clubs. Keywords:  countryside-State of Buenos Aires-politics-sociability- mid-19th Century 

Sources of social support for China’s current political order: The “thick embeddedness” of private capital holders

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. McNally ◽  
Teresa Wright
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Political ◽  
Private Capital ◽  
Political Liberalization ◽  
Affective Components ◽  
Party State ◽  
Shed Light

In recent years, scholars have puzzled over the fact that China’s increased economic privatization and marketization since the early 1990s have not triggered a simultaneous advance in political liberalization. Many have sought to explain why – despite a marked upsurge in popular unrest – sources of social support for the political order have remained sizeable. Seeking to shed light on this debate, this article investigates the nature and implications of the political embeddedness of China’s private capital holders. The embeddedness of these individuals is “thick” in the sense that it encompasses an inter-twined amalgam of instrumental ties and affective links to the agents and institutions of the party-state. Thick embeddedness therefore incorporates personal links that bind private capital holders to the party-state through connections that are layered with reciprocal affective components. Such close relations work against the potential interest that private capital holders might have in leading or joining efforts to press for fundamental political liberalization. Drawing on these findings, the article places China’s economic and political development in comparative perspective, and lays out the most likely scenarios for China’s future.

The Yemeni Uprising of 2011

2015 ◽  
pp. 608-624
Author(s):  
Atiaf Alwazir
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Political Development ◽  
State Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
Constitutional Revolution

The history of both modern Turkey and modern Iran have often been told through their founding figures, Atatürk and Reza Shah, whose state-building projects are often assumed to have been similar. This chapter compares the Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire of 1908 with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran in 1906 to point to both similarities and differences in the trajectories of these two countries in the early twentieth century. Both revolutions, it is argued, were foundational moments for the political development and processes of each country and are key to understanding the context in which Atatürk and Reza Shah emerged.

The Appeal of Communism among the Lebanese Shiʿa, 1943-75

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 313-338
Author(s):  
Jehan Al-Azzawi
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Identities

AbstractThis article revisits the Shiʿi community’s secular past through an analysis of the evolution of Shiʿi involvement in the Lebanese Communist Party (LCP). It argues that the Shiʿi community’s communist interlude was a formative moment in the political mobilization of the Shiʿa, which predated the rise of distinctly Shiʿi political identities, and imparted a lasting legacy on the political development of the Lebanese Shiʿa.

Afghan Histories beyond the State, War, and Tribe

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-148
Author(s):  
Robert Nichols
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
State Building ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Careers ◽  
Political Networks ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material ◽  
Interdisciplinary Thinking

Increased access to archival and other textual sources and the situating of “Afghan” history within wider theoretical, comparative, and interdisciplinary thinking have opened Afghanistan-related studies to new fields of research and analysis. This offers new opportunities to reimagine and move beyond established historical narratives and preoccupations. At a point when English-language archives have been comprehensively mined for the political histories of Afghan dynasties, intruding Western empires, and the dynamics of modernity and state-building, non-English-language primary-source material has become increasingly available, including in translation and in online digital archival formats. The recent English translation by M. Mehdi Khorrami and Robert D. McChesney of volume three ofThe History of Afghanistanby the Afghan Hazara historian Fayz Muhammad Katib (c. 1863–1931) offers new material with which to reconsider not only elite political careers but also ethnic identity and competition, the sociology of provincial political networks, and the creation of governing rules codified by ʿAbd al-Rahman and Habibullah.

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