scholarly journals Essential fatty acids in early life: structural and functional role

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Uauy ◽  
Patricia Mena ◽  
Cecilia Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Transcriptional Level

Essential fatty acids (EFA) are structural components of all tissues and are indispensable for cell membrane synthesis; the brain, retina and other neural tissues are particularly rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). These fatty acids serve as specific precursors for eicosanoids that regulate numerous cell and organ functions. Results from animal and recent human studies support the essential nature of n-3 EFA in addition to the well-established role of n-6 EFA for human subjects, particularly in early life. The most significant effects relate to neural development and maturation of sensory systems. Recent studies using stable-isotope-labelled tracers demonstrate that even preterm infants are able to form arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but that synthesis is extremely low. Intracellular fatty acids or their metabolites regulate transcriptional activation of gene expression during adipocyte differentiation, and retinal and nervous system development. Regulation of gene expression by LCPUFA occurs at the transcriptional level and is mediated by nuclear transcription factors activated by fatty acids. These nuclear receptors are part of the steroid hormone receptor family. Two types of polyunsaturated fatty acid responsive transcription factors have been characterized, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and the hepatic nuclear factor 4α. DHA also has significant effects on photoreceptor membranes involved in the signal transduction process, rhodopsin activation, and rod and cone development. Comprehensive clinical studies have shown that dietary supplementation with marine oil or single-cell oils, sources of LCPUFA, results in increased blood levels of DHA and AA, as well as an associated improvement in visual function in formula-fed premature infants to match that of human milk-fed infant. Recent clinical trials convincingly support LCPUFA supplementation of preterm infant formulations and possibly term formula to mimic human milk composition.

Regulation of gene expression during spermatogenesis at transcriptional level

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1300-1307
Author(s):  
Xiu-Jun ZHANG ◽  
Mei-Ling LIU ◽  
Meng-Chun JIA
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Transcriptional Level

scholarly journals Transcription Factors as the “Blitzkrieg” of Plant Defense: A Pragmatic View of Nitric Oxide’s Role in Gene Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Noreen Falak ◽  
Qari Muhammad Imran ◽  
Adil Hussain ◽  
Byung-Wook Yun
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

Plants are in continuous conflict with the environmental constraints and their sessile nature demands a fine-tuned, well-designed defense mechanism that can cope with a multitude of biotic and abiotic assaults. Therefore, plants have developed innate immunity, R-gene-mediated resistance, and systemic acquired resistance to ensure their survival. Transcription factors (TFs) are among the most important genetic components for the regulation of gene expression and several other biological processes. They bind to specific sequences in the DNA called transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that are present in the regulatory regions of genes. Depending on the environmental conditions, TFs can either enhance or suppress transcriptional processes. In the last couple of decades, nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a crucial molecule for signaling and regulating biological processes. Here, we have overviewed the plant defense system, the role of TFs in mediating the defense response, and that how NO can manipulate transcriptional changes including direct post-translational modifications of TFs. We also propose that NO might regulate gene expression by regulating the recruitment of RNA polymerase during transcription.

scholarly journals Interplay between cofactors and transcription factors in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Wang ◽  
Pan Wang ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
Hongling Peng ◽  
Yu Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Hematologic Disorders ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Transcription Complexes ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractHematopoiesis requires finely tuned regulation of gene expression at each stage of development. The regulation of gene transcription involves not only individual transcription factors (TFs) but also transcription complexes (TCs) composed of transcription factor(s) and multisubunit cofactors. In their normal compositions, TCs orchestrate lineage-specific patterns of gene expression and ensure the production of the correct proportions of individual cell lineages during hematopoiesis. The integration of posttranslational and conformational modifications in the chromatin landscape, nucleosomes, histones and interacting components via the cofactor–TF interplay is critical to optimal TF activity. Mutations or translocations of cofactor genes are expected to alter cofactor–TF interactions, which may be causative for the pathogenesis of various hematologic disorders. Blocking TF oncogenic activity in hematologic disorders through targeting cofactors in aberrant complexes has been an exciting therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the models and functions of cofactor–TF interplay in physiological hematopoiesis and highlight their implications in the etiology of hematological malignancies. This review presents a deep insight into the physiological and pathological implications of transcription machinery in the blood system.

scholarly journals Minireview: Transcriptional Regulation in Development of Bone

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 1012-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kobayashi ◽  
Henry Kronenberg
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Multiple Differentiation

Regulation of gene expression by transcription factors is one of the major mechanisms for controlling cellular functions. Recent advances in genetic manipulation of model animals has allowed the study of the roles of various genes and their products in physiological settings and has demonstrated the importance of specific transcription factors in bone development. Three lineages of bone cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, develop and differentiate according to their distinct developmental programs. These cells go through multiple differentiation stages, which are often regulated by specific transcription factors. In this minireview, we will discuss selected transcription factors that have been demonstrated to critically affect bone cell development. Further study of these molecules will lead to deeper understanding in mechanisms that govern development of bone.

scholarly journals Regulation of proton-translocating V-ATPases.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Merzendorfer ◽  
R Gräf ◽  
M Huss ◽  
W R Harvey ◽  
H Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Structural Domains ◽  
Sh Groups ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
Regulation Of Enzyme Activity

Vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are proton-translocating enzymes that occur in the endomembranes of all eukaryotes and in the plasma membranes of many eukaryotes. They are multisubunit, heteromeric proteins composed of two structural domains, a peripheral, catalytic V1 domain and a membrane-spanning V0 domain. Both the multitude of locations and the heteromultimeric structure make it likely that the expression and the activity of V-ATPases are regulated in various ways. Regulation of gene expression encompasses control of transcription as well as control at the post-transcriptional level. Regulation of enzyme activity encompasses many diverse mechanisms such as disassembly/reassembly of V1 and V0 domains, oxidation of SH groups, control by activator and inhibitor proteins or by small signalling molecules, and sorting of the holoenzyme or its subunits to target membranes.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Gene Expression Changes in the Blood of Individuals Consuming Diets Supplemented with Olives, Nuts or Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3765
Author(s):  
Virginie Bottero ◽  
Judith A. Potashkin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Long Chain

Background: The Mediterranean diet, which is rich in olive oil, nuts, and fish, is considered healthy and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Methods: Here, we compared the transcriptome from the blood of subjects with diets supplemented with olives, nuts, or long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and identified the genes differentially expressed. The dietary genes obtained were subjected to network analysis to determine the main pathways, as well as the transcription factors and microRNA interaction networks to elucidate their regulation. Finally, a gene-associated disease interaction network was performed. Results: We identified several genes whose expression is altered after the intake of components of the Mediterranean diets compared to controls. These genes were associated with infection and inflammation. Transcription factors and miRNAs were identified as potential regulators of the dietary genes. Interestingly, caspase 1 and sialophorin are differentially expressed in the opposite direction after the intake of supplements compared to Alzheimer’s disease patients. In addition, ten transcription factors were identified that regulated gene expression in supplemented diets, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusions: We identified genes whose expression is altered after the intake of the supplements as well as the transcription factors and miRNAs involved in their regulation. These genes are associated with schizophrenia, neoplasms, and rheumatic arthritis, suggesting that the Mediterranean diet may be beneficial in reducing these diseases. In addition, the results suggest that the Mediterranean diet may also be beneficial in reducing the risk of dementia.

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