scholarly journals Optimising preterm nutrition: present and future

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Marie Brennan ◽  
Brendan P. Murphy ◽  
Mairead E. Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Postmenstrual Age ◽  
The Individual

The goal of preterm nutrition in achieving growth and body composition approximating that of the fetus of the same postmenstrual age is difficult to achieve. Current nutrition recommendations depend largely on expert opinion, due to lack of evidence, and are primarily birth weight based, with no consideration given to gestational age and/or need for catch-up growth. Assessment of growth is based predominately on anthropometry, which gives insufficient attention to the quality of growth. The present paper provides a review of the current literature on the nutritional management and assessment of growth in preterm infants. It explores several approaches that may be required to optimise nutrient intakes in preterm infants, such as personalising nutritional support, collection of nutrient intake data in real-time, and measurement of body composition. In clinical practice, the response to inappropriate nutrient intakes is delayed as the effects of under- or overnutrition are not immediate, and there is limited nutritional feedback at the cot-side. The accurate and non-invasive measurement of infant body composition, assessed by means of air displacement plethysmography, has been shown to be useful in assessing quality of growth. The development and implementation of personalised, responsive nutritional management of preterm infants, utilising real-time nutrient intake data collection, with ongoing nutritional assessments that include measurement of body composition is required to help meet the individual needs of preterm infants.

Associations of Measured Protein and Energy Intakes with Growth and Adiposity in Human Milk-Fed Preterm Infants at Term Postmenstrual Age: A Cohort Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (09) ◽  
pp. 882-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Pereira-da-Silva ◽  
Manuela Cardoso ◽  
Israel Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Postmenstrual Age

Objective To determine the associations of measured protein, energy, and protein-to-energy (PER) intakes with body composition in human milk (HM)-fed preterm infants. Study Design Neonates born at < 33 gestational weeks were eligible. Standard fortification method with modular supplements was used and the HM composition was measured. The weight gain velocity was calculated, and body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography at 40 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). The fat mass percentage and fat mass index were used as indicators of adiposity, with convenience cut-offs ≤ –1 and ≥ + 1 z-scores for low and high adiposity, respectively. Results Thirty-three infants were included (median [interquartile range] gestational age: 30 [28–31] weeks; birth weight: 1.175 [1.010–1.408] g); 36.4 and 84.8% did not receive the minimum recommended protein and energy intakes, respectively. Weight gain velocity showed positive weak-to-moderate correlations with nutrient intakes. Overall, no correlations between nutrient intakes and body composition were found. Infants with lower adiposity received lower energy, protein, and PER intakes, while those with higher adiposity received lower energy intake but higher PER intake. Conclusion Overall, no correlations of nutrient intakes with body composition were found; however, differences in nutrient intakes were found between infants with lower and higher adiposity at term PMA.

scholarly journals New charts for the assessment of body composition, according to air-displacement plethysmography, at birth and across the first 6 mo of life

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1353-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Norris ◽  
Sara E Ramel ◽  
Patrick Catalano ◽  
Carol ni Caoimh ◽  
Paola Roggero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Young Infants

ABSTRACT Background Air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) is a good candidate for monitoring body composition in newborns and young infants, but reference centile curves are lacking that allow for assessment at birth and across the first 6 mo of life. Objective Using pooled data from 4 studies, we aimed to produce new charts for assessment according to gestational age at birth (30 + 1 to 41 + 6 wk) and postnatal age at measurement (1–27 wk). Methods The sample comprised 222 preterm infants born in the United States who were measured at birth; 1029 term infants born in Ireland who were measured at birth; and 149 term infants born in the United States and 57 term infants born in Italy who were measured at birth, 1 and 2 wk, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mo of age. Infants whose birth weights were <3rd or >97th centile of the INTERGROWTH-21st standard were excluded, thereby ensuring that the charts depict body composition of infants whose birth weights did not indicate suboptimal fetal growth. Sex-specific centiles for fat mass (kg), fat-free mass (kg), and percentage body fat were estimated using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method. Results For each sex and measure (e.g., fat mass), the new charts comprised 2 panels. The first showed centiles according to gestational age, allowing term infants to be assessed at birth and preterm infants to be monitored until they reached term. The second showed centiles according to postnatal age, allowing all infants to be monitored to age 27 wk. The LMS values underlying the charts were presented, enabling researchers and clinicians to convert measurements to centiles and z scores. Conclusions The new charts provide a single tool for the assessment of body composition, according to ADP, in infants across the first 6 mo of life and will help enhance early-life nutritional management.

scholarly journals Real-Time Monitoring of Self-Fed Supplement Intake, Feeding Behaviour, and Growth Rate as Affected by Forage Quantity and Quality of Rotationally Grazed Beef Cattle

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Imaz ◽  
Sergio García ◽  
Luciano A. González
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Supplement Intake

Supplement intake and liveweight (LW) data were collected daily and remotely by digital in-paddock technologies (electronic feeder (EF) and walk-over-weighing scale (WOW)) to study the effect of forage quantity and quality on the intake of a self-fed supplement (molasses-lick blocks (MLB)), LW, liveweight change (LWC), and feeding behaviour of grazing beef cattle. Fifty-two crossbred weaners were rotationally grazed or fed for 254 days on different forages: sudangrass (SG), autumn pastures (P), winter pastures with concentrate (P+C), oat crops (OC), lucerne hay (LH), and oaten hay (OH). Forage quantity and quality were measured on the day of entry (high feed availability) and exit (low feed availability) stages of grazing or hay delivery. The intake of MLB was 111% higher (p < 0.05) at low compared to high feed availability, and this was also reflected in the feeding behaviour of animals (e.g., greater feeding frequency and rate). Moreover, there was a large temporal variability of daily MLB intake (Coefficient of variation (CV) = 146.41%). Supplementing MLB improved LWC only with SG, P, or OH (p < 0.05). The behaviour of animals around MLB reflects changes in feed quantity and quality and could be used to enhance cattle grazing and nutritional management in real time.

scholarly journals Fat and Fat-Free Mass of Preterm and Term Infants from Birth to Six Months: A Review of Current Evidence

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Hamatschek ◽  
Efrah I. Yousuf ◽  
Lea Sophie Möllers ◽  
Hon Yiu So ◽  
Katherine M. Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Postmenstrual Age

To optimize infant nutrition, the nature of weight gain must be analyzed. This study aims to review publications and develop growth charts for fat and fat-free mass for preterm and term infants. Body composition data measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in preterm and term infants until six months corrected age were abstracted from publications (31 December 1990 to 30 April 2019). Age-specific percentiles were calculated. ADP measurements were used in 110 studies (2855 preterm and 22,410 term infants), and DXA was used in 28 studies (1147 preterm and 3542 term infants). At term age, preterm infants had higher percent-fat than term-born infants (16% vs. 11%, p < 0.001). At 52 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), both reached similar percent-fat (24% vs. 25%). In contrast, at term age, preterm infants had less fat-free mass (2500 g vs. 2900 g) by 400 g. This difference decreased to 250 g by 52 weeks, and to 100 g at 60 weeks PMA (5000 g vs. 5100 g). DXA fat-free mass data were comparable with ADP. However, median percent-fat was up to 5% higher with DXA measurements compared with ADP with PMA > 50 weeks. There are methodological differences between ADP and DXA measures for infants with higher fat mass. The cause of higher fat mass in preterm infants at term age needs further investigation.

scholarly journals An evaluation of food photographs as a tool for quantifying food and nutrient intakes

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula J Robson ◽  
M Barbara E Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adult Volunteers

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the errors incurred by young adults using single portion size colour food photographs to quantify foods and nutrients consumed at six meals on two non-consecutive days.DesignBreakfast menus remained the same for the 2 days; but lunch and dinner menus varied. The amounts of food eaten by individuals were determined by weighing individual serving dishes pre- and post-consumption. The day after eating, all foods consumed were quantified in terms of fractions or multiples of the amounts shown in the food photographs.SubjectsThirty adult volunteers (15 male, 15 female), aged 18–36 years, completed the protocol for day one; 27 (90%) completed day two.ResultsSome foods were more difficult to quantify accurately than others. The largest error range was −38.9% to +284.6% (cheese), whereas the smallest errors were incurred for juice (−21.5% to +34.6%, day one). All subjects who consumed muesli (day one) overestimated (+3.7% to +113.7%). No other foods were consistently over-or underestimated. For foods consumed at breakfast by the same subjects on both days, individual estimation errors were inconsistent in magnitude and/or direction. At the group level, most nutrients were estimated to within ±10% of intake; exceptions were thiamin (+10.5%, day one) and vitamin E (−10.1%, day one; −15.3%, day two). Between 63% and 80% of subjects were correctly classified into tertiles on the basis of estimated intakes.ConclusionsDespite some large food quantification errors, single portion size food photographs were effective when used to estimate nutrient intakes at the group level. It remains to be established whether, under the conditions used in this study, more photographs per food would improve estimates of nutrient intake at the individual level.

scholarly journals Comparison of Bioelectrical Impedance-Based Methods on Body Composition in Young Patients with Obesity

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Alexandra Thajer ◽  
Gabriele Skacel ◽  
Katharina Truschner ◽  
Anselm Jorda ◽  
Martin Vasek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Specific Device ◽  
The Individual

(1) Background: The determination of body composition is an important method to investigate patients with obesity and to evaluate the efficacy of individualized medical interventions. Bioelectrical impedance-based methods are non-invasive and widely applied but need to be validated for their use in young patients with obesity. (2) Methods: We compiled data from three independent studies on children and adolescents with obesity, measuring body composition with two bioelectrical impedance-based devices (TANITA and BIACORPUS). For a small patient group, additional data were collected with air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). (3) Results: Our combined data on 123 patients (age: 6–18 years, body mass index (BMI): 21–59 kg/m²) and the individual studies showed that TANITA and BIACORPUS yield significantly different results on body composition, TANITA overestimating body fat percentage and fat mass relative to BIACORPUS and underestimating fat-free mass (p < 0.001 for all three parameters). A Bland–Altman plot indicated little agreement between methods, which produce clinically relevant differences for all three parameters. We detected gender-specific differences with both methods, with body fat percentage being lower (p < 0.01) and fat-free mass higher (p < 0.001) in males than females. (4) Conclusions: Both bioelectrical impedance-based methods provide significantly different results on body composition in young patients with obesity and thus cannot be used interchangeably, requiring adherence to a specific device for repetitive measurements to ascertain comparability of data.

scholarly journals Combining satellite observations to develop a global soil moisture product for near-real-time applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 4191-4208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Enenkel ◽  
Christoph Reimer ◽  
Wouter Dorigo ◽  
Wolfgang Wagner ◽  
Isabella Pfeil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Global Correlation ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The soil moisture dataset that is generated via the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) of the European Space Agency (ESA) (ESA CCI SM) is a popular research product. It is composed of observations from 10 different satellites and aims to exploit the individual strengths of active (radar) and passive (radiometer) sensors, thereby providing surface soil moisture estimates at a spatial resolution of 0.25°. However, the annual updating cycle limits the use of the ESA CCI SM dataset for operational applications. Therefore, this study proposes an adaptation of the ESA CCI product for daily global updates via satellite-derived near-real-time (NRT) soil moisture observations. In order to extend the ESA CCI SM dataset from 1978 to present we use NRT observations from the Advanced Scatterometer on-board the two MetOp satellites and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 on-board GCOM-W. Since these NRT observations do not incorporate the latest algorithmic updates, parameter databases and intercalibration efforts, by nature they offer a lower quality than reprocessed offline datasets. In addition to adaptations of the ESA CCI SM processing chain for NRT datasets, the quality of the NRT datasets is a main source of uncertainty. Our findings indicate that, despite issues in arid regions, the new CCI NRT dataset shows a good correlation with ESA CCI SM. The average global correlation coefficient between CCI NRT and ESA CCI SM (Pearson's R) is 0.80. An initial validation with 40 in situ observations in France, Spain, Senegal and Kenya yields an average R of 0.58 and 0.49 for ESA CCI SM and CCI NRT, respectively. In summary, the CCI NRT product is nearly as accurate as the existing ESA CCI SM product and, therefore, of significant value for operational applications such as drought and flood forecasting, agricultural index insurance or weather forecasting.

scholarly journals Late Growth and Changes in Body Composition Influence Odds of Developing Retinopathy of Prematurity among Preterm Infants

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Ellen C. Ingolfsland ◽  
Jacob L. Haapala ◽  
Lauren A. Buckley ◽  
Ellen W. Demarath ◽  
Sixto F. Guiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Postmenstrual Age

Background: While postnatal growth in the first month of life is known to impact retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) risk, the impact of growth later in hospitalization, during critical times of retinal vascularization, remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess if postnatal growth and body composition during the second half of neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization were associated with severity of retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight preterm infants. Methods: Prospective observational pilot study of 83 infants born <32 weeks gestation and <1500 g, conducted at a Level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Body composition was measured during the second half of hospitalization. Infants were evaluated for retinopathy of prematurity. Logistic regression was performed. Results: Greater gains in fat mass, fat-free mass, and percent body fat from 32 to 37 weeks postmenstrual age and higher % body fat at term postmenstrual age were associated with decreased odds of ≥stage 2 retinopathy of prematurity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Improved growth later in neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization and increased adiposity at term may reduce odds of severe retinopathy of prematurity.

scholarly journals Food composition issues – implications for the development of food-based dietary guidelines

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2b) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Leclercq ◽  
Liisa M Valsta ◽  
Aida Turrini
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Food Composition Data

AbstractSound food composition databases that are both comprehensive and representative of available foods are an essential basic tool to develop Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). The main drawbacks of current food composition databases available in the European Union are: partial coverage of foods and nutrients, variability of analytical data, lack of accuracy in the description of food items, need for harmonisation of the expression of nutrients. An inappropriate use of these databases could lead to gross errors in the assessment of the nutrient intake levels, in the identification of the major sources of a nutrient, in the comparison of data between countries and in the analysis of time trends. Inadequacy of food composition data is, in part, responsible for the failure to understand some relationships between nutrient intakes and health or disease and for difficulties in establishing quantitative dietary guidelines in terms of nutrients. Recommendations are made for the compilation of future food composition databases and tools are proposed to enhance the quality of existing data. A careful study of the food composition databases is always necessary before nutrition recommendations are given and before trends in nutrient intakes are interpreted.

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