scholarly journals Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (14) ◽  
pp. 1915-1934 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. QUINNELL ◽  
O. COURTENAY
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
And Control ◽  
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis

SUMMARYZoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.

scholarly journals Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control

2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Dantas-Torres ◽  
Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Geographical Expansion ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control

In the last 20 years, despite the known underestimation of cases, Brazil registered a marked increase in the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis. The main goal of this review is to reflect on some aspects of this zoonosis in Brazil and also to encourage the discussion in order to find more viable, effective and affordable strategies to be implemented by the Brazilian Leishmaniasis Control Program. The current situation of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil might be seen as a paradox: the most important aspects of the disease are known, but so far the control of this disease has not yet been achieved. The current control strategies have not been able to prevent the geographical expansion, and even a rise in the incidence and lethality of visceral leishmaniasis. There is a need not only for a better definition of priority areas, but also for the implementation of a fieldwork monitoring system to the disease surveillance that could permit a further evaluation of the control program in areas where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic.

scholarly journals The impact of introduced predators on an island endemic, the St Helena Plover, Charadrius sanctaehelenae

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
FIONA BURNS ◽  
NEIL MCCULLOCH ◽  
TAMÁS SZÉKELY ◽  
MARK BOLTON
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Island Endemic ◽  
Common Myna ◽  
Introduced Predators ◽  
St Helena ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

SummaryWe investigated the impact of introduced predators on the productivity of the St Helena Plover Charadrius sanctaehelenae, a shorebird endemic to the South Atlantic island of St Helena. The nest predator species identified have all been introduced to St Helena in the last 510 years, and all are species that are known to be invasive on other islands. The species responsible for taking the largest proportion of eggs was the domestic cat Felis catus, with rats (Rattus rattus or R. norvegicus) and Common Myna Acridotheres tristis taking smaller proportions. Nest survival varied spatially and was correlated with an index of cat density. No relationship was observed between the number of nesting attempts per pair in a year and predator density. The resulting estimates of productivity were insufficient in some areas to allow stable populations to persist locally. Future work should focus on assessing the population level impacts of current and reduced predator densities to St Helena Plovers, and understanding the influence of resource availability and habitat structure on the densities and impacts of predators.

scholarly journals Resonance Instability of Photovoltaic E-Bike Charging Stations: Control Parameters Analysis, Modeling and Experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziqian Zhang ◽  
Cihan Gercek ◽  
Herwig Renner ◽  
Angèle Reinders ◽  
Lothar Fickert
Keyword(s):  
Major Effect ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Current Loop ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Grid Connected Inverter ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
And Control

This article presents an in-situ comparative analysis and power quality tests of a newly developed photovoltaic charging system for e-bikes. The various control methods of the inverter are modeled and a single-phase grid-connected inverter is tested under different conditions. Models are constituted for two current control methods; the proportional resonance and the synchronous rotating frames. In order to determine the influence of the control parameters, the system is analyzed analytically in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by simulation. The tests indicated the resonance instability of the photovoltaic inverter. The passivity impedance-based stability criterion is applied in order to analyze the phenomenon of resonance instability. In conclusion, the phase-locked loop (PLL) bandwidth and control parameters of the current loop have a major effect on the output admittance of the inverter, which should be adjusted to make the system stable.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of Leishmania in dogs from an endemic area of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiane V. Lopes ◽  
Érika M. Michalsky ◽  
Fabiana de O. Lara Silva ◽  
Ana Cristina V.M.R. Lima ◽  
Daniel M. de Avelar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis

scholarly journals Mathematical analysis of a model for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nafiu Hussaini ◽  
Kamaldeen Okuneye ◽  
Abba B. Gumel
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis

scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2007 and 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Fernandes do Prado ◽  
Marília Fonseca Rocha ◽  
Joel Fontes de Sousa ◽  
Dênio Iuri Caldeira ◽  
Gustavo Fontes Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an expanding zoonosis in Brazil and is becoming urbanized in several Brazilian regions. This study aims to describe the epidemiological features of human and canine VL in the municipality of Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, by focusing on their spatial distribution. METHODS: Data concerning human cases and reactive dogs for VL from 2007 to 2009 were obtained from the Information System for Disease Notification (SINAN) and from reports of the local Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), respectively. The addresses of human and canine cases have been georeferenced and localized in thematic maps, allowing their spatial visualization as well as the identification of areas at risk of VL transmission. RESULTS: Ninety-five cases of human VL were reported in the period. The 0-9-year-old age group (48.4%) was the most affected, within which the majority consisted of male patients (64%). Of the samples collected for the canine serological survey, 2,919 (6.3%) were reactive to VL. The spatial localization of these cases shows that the disease was scattered in the urban area of the municipality. Areas showing a higher dissemination risk were concentrated in the central, northwestern, and southern regions of the city. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the areas most at risk in urban Montes Claros may help guide actions toward local epidemiological vigilance and control.

scholarly journals ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MARITIME SAFETY AND MODERN WAYS OF ENSURING THE SHIP SECURITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (166) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
O. Melnyk ◽  
S. Onyshchenko ◽  
O. Lohinov ◽  
V. Okulov ◽  
I. Pulyaev
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Maritime Safety ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Ship Security ◽  
And Control

Maritime security in recent decades has always been a separate issue, one that has been acute for both shipowners and crews of seagoing vessels. It has been marked by periods of relative stability and periods of emerging and growing threats, from the days of the sailing fleet to the era of ironclad steam shipbuilding. Certainly, it is difficult to overestimate the significant role of the scientific community, which has long investigated this problem, revealing its theoretical and practical sides. The professional experience of maritime industry specialists has also sufficiently served to ensure that systematic interest in the issue has provided the basis for the development of strategies and integrated approaches that ensure the safety of vessels and crews at modern levels. Without the latest advances in maritime safety, shipping, as an industry, would not be able to achieve the current level of reliability in ensuring shipboard processes. Every generation of mankind has prioritized maritime safety, contributing to improving its standards and stressing the importance of continuous development of the theoretical framework. At least more than twenty million tons of cargo and more than five hundred thousand passengers move daily by water transport, so the concept of maritime safety extends not only to the safety of life at sea, the safety of vessels and the safety of cargo, but also to the prevention of maritime accidents and pollution. The increasing share of maritime and river transport in international freight and passenger traffic has led to the need for increased maritime safety requirements due to the technical upgrading of maritime transport. This process is based on the principles of current control over the process of vessel operation and prompt acquisition of necessary data and relevant information during the voyage, anticipated route and control over the state of work parameters of technical means of the vessel, but the key aspect of safety is assessment of existing threats and development of ways and methods of ensuring vessel safety.

scholarly journals Population-based virucidal phthalocyanine gargle/rinse protocol to reduce the risk of coronavirus disease-2019: a community trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Caroline Brito Reia ◽  
Roosevelt da Silva Bastos ◽  
Fabiano Vieira Vilhena ◽  
Heitor Marques Honório ◽  
Lucas Marques da Costa Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Control Community ◽  
And Control ◽  
Official Information ◽  
Community Trial

Abstract Purpose: In this community trial, the objective was to evaluate the incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases in two similar communities in three distinct phases: phase 1 (before the intervention), 2 (during the intervention), and 3 (after the intervention).Methods: The test community received the oral antiseptic intervention (experimental), while the control community did not. The official information agency provided the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Data were analyzed according to the three phases per epidemiological week (epi) using the R Core Team (2021) program. The relative risk and 95% confidence intervals between the cumulative incidence values of the test and control communities were calculated for each period. In the test community, a total of 995 residents, over 10 years of age, received two bottles containing 600 ml of mouthwash with antiviral phthalocyanine derivative (APD). The participants were asked to gargle/rinse with of 5 mL of the mouthwash with ADP 3 to 5 times a day, for 1 min, until the end of the bottles. Results: In phases 1 and 3, disease risk between the two communities did not differ significantly (p> 0.05), while in phase 2, disease risk was 54% lower in the test community than in the control community. Conclusion: The use of the APD mouthwash protocol seems to reduce the COVID-19 incidence at the population level, and further studies are needed to confirm its protective effect in different contexts.

scholarly journals A Scoping Review of Policies Related to the Prevention and Control of Overweight and Obesity in Africa

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4028
Author(s):  
Theodosia Adom ◽  
Anniza De Villiers ◽  
Thandi Puoane ◽  
André Pascal Kengne
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Nutrition And Diet ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

To address the issue of obesity, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a set of comprehensive programmes aimed at changing the obesogenic environments to provide opportunities for healthy food options and increased physical activity in the school, home, and at the population level. The objectives of this study were to examine the nature and range of policies related to overweight and obesity prevention in Africa, and to assess how they align with international guidelines. An existing methodological framework was adapted for this scoping review. A search of publicly available national documents on overweight/obesity, general health, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was undertaken from relevant websites, including WHO, ministries, and Google Scholar. Additional requests were sent to key contacts at relevant ministries about existing policy documents. The documents were reviewed, and the policies were categorised, using the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework. The framework categorises the environmental drivers of obesity into four domains (physical, economic, legislative, and socio-cultural) and two scales: macro (national, regional, sectors, food industries, media, etc.) and micro (household, institutional, and community). This review included documents from 41 African countries. The policy initiatives to prevent overweight/obesity target the school, family and community settings, and macro environments, and broadly align with global recommendations. The NCD documents were in the majority, with only two on obesity. The majority of the documents detailed strategies and key interventions on unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. The physical, legislative, and sociocultural domains were largely featured, with less emphasis on the economic domain. Additionally, nutrition- and diet-related policies were in the majority. Overlaps and interactions of policies were observed in the application of the ANGELO framework. This study has provided information on national policies and programmes in Africa and can be useful as a first point of call for policymakers. The overlapping and interaction in the initiatives demonstrate the importance of multi-sectoral partnerships in providing supportive environments for healthy behaviours.

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