scholarly journals The influence of organic matter content and media compaction on the dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes with different foraging strategies

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (14) ◽  
pp. 1956-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
APOSTOLOS KAPRANAS ◽  
ABIGAIL M. D. MAHER ◽  
CHRISTINE T. GRIFFIN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Species Specific

SUMMARYIn laboratory experiments, we investigated how media with varying ratio of peat:sand and two levels of compaction influence dispersal success of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species with different foraging strategies: Steinernema carpocapsae (ambusher), Heterorhabditis downesi (cruiser) and Steinernema feltiae (intermediate). Success was measured by the numbers of nematodes moving through a 4 cm column and invading a wax moth larva. We found that both compaction and increasing peat content generally decreased EPN infective juvenile (IJ) success for all three species. Of the three species, H. downesi was the least affected by peat content, and S. carpocapsae was the most adversely influenced by compaction. In addition, sex ratios of the invading IJs of the two Steinernema species were differentially influenced by peat content, and in the case of S. feltiae, sex ratio was also affected by compaction. This indicates that dispersal of male and female IJs is differentially affected by soil parameters and that this differentiation is species-specific. In conclusion, our study shows that organic matter: sand ratio and soil compaction have a marked influence on EPN foraging behaviour with implications for harnessing them as biological pest control agents.

scholarly journals Distribution of Taraxacum microspecies along soil property gradients in salt and brackish meadows on the Polish Baltic coast

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Bosiacka ◽  
Helena Więcław ◽  
Paweł Marciniuk ◽  
Marek Podlasiński
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Vegetation Patterns ◽  
Baltic Coast ◽  
Coastal Meadows

Abstract The vegetation of protected salt meadows along the Baltic coast is fairly well known; however, dandelions have been so far treated as a collective species. The aim of our study was to examine the microspecies diversity of the genus Taraxacum in Polish salt and brackish coastal meadows and to analyse soil property preferences of the dandelion microspecies identified. In addition, we analysed the relations between soil properties and vegetation patterns in dandelion-supporting coastal meadows (by canonical correspondence analysis). The salt and brackish meadows along the Polish Baltic coast we visited were found to support a total of 27 dandelion microspecies representing 5 sections. Analysis of vegetation patterns showed all the soil parameters (C:N ratio, organic matter content, pH, concentration of Mg, P, K, electrolytic conductivity of the saturated soil extract ECe) to explain 32.07% of the total variance in the species data. The maximum abundance of most dandelion microspecies was associated with the highest soil fertility, moderate pH values and organic matter content, and with the lowest magnesium content and soil salinity. The exceptions were T. latissimum, T. stenoglossum, T. pulchrifolium and T. lucidum the occur-rence of which was related to the lowest soil fertility and the highest salinity. In addition, several microspecies (T. leptodon, T. gentile, T. haematicum, T. fusciflorum and T. balticum) were observed at moderate C:N ratios and ECe. Four other microspecies (T. infestum, T. cordatum, T. hamatum, T. sertatum) occurred at the lowest pH and organic matter content. The information obtained increases the still insufficient body of knowledge on ecological spectra of individual dandelion microspecies, hence their potential indicator properties.

Efficacy of Selected Herbicides as Influenced by Soil Properties

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Blumhorst ◽  
Jerome B. Weber ◽  
Len R. Swain
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Humic Matter

Field experiments were conducted on six loam and sandy loam soils to study the influence of various soil parameters on atrazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and pendimethalin efficacy. Herbicidal activity was highly correlated to the soil organic content. Humic matter content was equally or better correlated (r = 0.70 to 0.91) with herbicide bioactivity than was organic matter content (r = 0.66 to 0.84). Regression equations were determined which allow herbicide rate recommendations for 80% weed control to be calculated based on soil humic matter or organic matter levels.

scholarly journals Relationship among soil management, organic matter content and root development along the explorable soil profile in the vineyard

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 04021
Author(s):  
Alberto Vercesi ◽  
Matteo Gatti ◽  
Claudia Meisina ◽  
Massimiliano Bordoni ◽  
Michael Maerker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
North West ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
Low Levels

In the most ancient wine area of the Controlled Denomination of Origin (DOC) “Oltrepò Pavese” in North-West Italy, foothills of the Apennine mountains, the soils of 14 representative vineyards managed for about 10 years with tillage (T) or natural grass-cover (G) or the alternation of the two methods between the rows (GT), were compared for their contents of organic matter, main soil parameters and extent of root development, in the first meter of depth. The soils are fine textured, sometimes calcareous, with low levels of organic matter. G and GT soil treatments showed higher organic matter content (on average 1.4%) than T (0.88%). Better root development (number and area) was observed in G and GT, in comparison with T; the number and size of roots showed a positive correlation with the soil organic matter.

scholarly journals Preliminary screening of selected soils in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria for antibiotic-producing actinomycetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Risikat N. AHMED ◽  
Sesan M. SOBA ◽  
Mercy O. BAMIGBOYE ◽  
Kamoldeen A. AJIJOLAKEWU
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Antibacterial Screening ◽  
Standard Procedures

The present research aimed at screening various soils within Ilorin metropolis for antibiotic producing actinomycetes. The objectives of the study were to determine physiochemical parameters of soils, the occurrence of actinomycetes in soils, antibacterial potentials and identity of isolates. Soil parameters such as pH, temperature, moisture, organic matter and soil type were evaluated following standard procedures. Selective isolation to determine the occurrence of actinomycetes was performed by soil dilution using pour plate technique on starch casein agar. Preliminary antibacterial screening against 10 clinical test bacteria was performed using cross streak method. All isolates were initially identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, while the most bioactive isolates were further identified by molecular means. The soils were alkaline, with temperatures between 29 °C and 31 °C, moisture was in range of 0.72 ± 0.07c and 6.62 ± 0.42b. Highest organic matter content was 32.13 ± 0.20a with soil types mostly loamy and sandy loam. Ten actinomycetes (SM1 - SM10) were isolated, with the most frequently occurring isolate being SM3 and SM5 (16.7%). SM5 was the most active, inhibiting 9 out of 10 tests, with the highest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus 25923 (24 mm ± 0.15a). All isolates were identified as Streptomyces by morphology and biochemical tests. Based on nucleotide similarity searches and phylogeny, two bioactive Streptomycetes were suggested as novel strains and thus named as Streptomyces bottropensis UIL RNA (SM5) and S. flavoviridis UIL RNA(SM7), which may serve as promising sources of antibiotics. Actinomycetes from Ilorin metropolis demonstrated broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against clinical test bacteria.

scholarly journals Exploring Momardica Charantia Leaves as Biopesticide Against Mealy Bugs: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Vandana Gupta ◽  
Sonal Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Neem Leaves ◽  
Chemical Pesticide ◽  
Plant Characteristics

A pesticide is a substance used for controlling pests that damage the crops. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is widely studied and commercially used as a biopesticide against various pests. The present study aims to explore Momardica charantia (Bitter gourd) leaves as a biopesticide and compare its effectiveness with the Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves and chemical pesticide (Admire). The test plant used for study is Hibiscus rosa-sinensis infected with Red Hibiscus mealy bug. Soil parameters (pH, conductivity, organic matter content, available potassium and available phosphorus) and plant characteristics (height, leaves count, flowering and chlorophyll content) of all test plants under study were estimated and compared. The soil parameter like pH showed no changes in control and treated plants while organic matter, available potassium and available phosphorus comparatively showed slight increase in concentration in plants treated with all pesticides. The plant characteristics viz. height, leaf count and branching showed improvement in growth after treatment with pesticides.All the pesticides under study were capable to kill mealy bugs in one month. Even though the biopesticidal property of Momardicacharantia leaves was found to be less as compared to Azadirachta indica leaves and chemical pesticide (Admire), it can be used effectively to control mealy bugs infecting Hibiscus plant.

scholarly journals Soil Fertility Status under Different Tree Cropping System in a Southwestern Zone of Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement O. OGUNKUNLE ◽  
Olusegun O. AWOTOYE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Sole Cropping ◽  
Soil Fertility Status

Tree cropping has been known to bring about changes in edaphic component among other components of the ecosystem through their interactions with the soil and soil faunas. Premised on this, this study assessed the effects of sole cropping of teak and intercropping of cocoa and kola on the soil fertility status. The study was carried out using stratified-randomed sampling technique for the study plots in all the sampling sites. Three sampling sites consisting of four (4)-4oo m2 sampling plots each were established in which vegetation and some soil parameters were assessed. Results analysis showed that the synergistic interaction of leaves decomposition of cocoa and kola improved the organic matter content of the soil under the cocoa/kola site. Considerable improvement in soil fertility was enjoyed in the cocoa/kola site due to the large girth sizes and basal area of trees present in the cocoa/kola site while soil under the sole cropping of teak was impoverished. The degradation effects was due to the high rate of nutrient uptake of the teak, organic matter content was high in the forest site (9.12%) and cocoa/kola site (7.34) while the least was in the teak site (3.04%). A very strong correlation existed between organic matter content and some vegetation parameters.

Adsorption, Mobility, and Efficacy of Metribuzin as Influenced by Soil Properties

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 868-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. John Peter ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Glycol Monoethyl Ether ◽  
Highly Correlated

The effect of various soil parameters on metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] efficacy was studied on seven soils and metribuzin adsorption was investigated in nine soils. Soil organic-matter and clay contents were correlated with metribuzin activity. Specific surface area, as measured by ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) was highly correlated with metribuzin activity. Soil organic-matter content and EGME surface area measurements were also highly correlated with metribuzin adsorption in soils. Since metribuzin is highly water soluble (water solubility greater than 1000 ppm), it was probably adsorbed at the hydrophilic sites on the soil surfaces that were measured by EGME. Metribuzin was much more mobile than atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] in a leaching study.

Assessing Desertification with Soil Indicators in Agro-Pastoral Transition Zone of Northern Shaanxi

2011 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 525-530
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Pei Hou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Soil Indicators

Desertification assessment is an instrumental component in developing global regional actions plans which aim at preventing and remedying desertification, a global and regional environmental problem. This research integrated selected soil parameters (physical properties, chemical properties) with plant canopy and used principal components analysis (PCA) and regression analysis to assess the severity of desertification risk. The northern part of Shaanxi province in China was taken as a case study and soils carrying different plant canopy were sampled in the 0-20 cm layer. Two soil indicators were selected from 17 basic soil physicochemical indexes. They were 0.25-0.05 mm soil sand content and soil organic matter content. An evaluation system was established by using these indicators, to assess the desertification extent by the content of 0.25-0.05 mm sand and soil organic matter at the 0-20 cm layer. The system developed may be used to assess the desertification process and distinguish the areas sensitive to desertification in the study region and in regions with similar characteristics.

HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSHNEVOLOTSKY RESERVOIR

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
O. A. Lipatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Heavy Metal Speciation ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Manganese Hydroxides

The study of heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments of the Vyshnevolotsky water reservoir is presented in this paper. Sequential selective procedure was used to determine the heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments and thermodynamic calculation — to determine ones in interstitial water. It has been shown that Mn are mainly presented in exchangeable and carbonate forms; for Fe, Zn, Pb и Co the forms are related to iron and manganese hydroxides is played an important role; and Cu and Ni are mainly associated with organic matter. In interstitial waters the main forms of heavy metal speciation are free ions for Zn, Ni, Co and Cd, carbonate complexes for Pb, fulvate complexes for Cu. Effects of particle size and organic matter content in sediments on distribution of mobile and potentially mobile forms of toxic elements have been revealed.

Changes in organic matter content of soil as a result of long-term fertilization

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-55
Author(s):  
Katalin Berecz ◽  
Katalin Debreczeni
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content
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