A nutritional analysis of the food rations Martin Frobisher's second expedition, 1577

Polar Record ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (204) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad E. Heidenreich ◽  
Nancy L. Heidenreich
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Nutritional Analysis ◽  
Food Procurement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

AbstractA list of the provisions for the second expedition led by Martin Frobisher was produced on 26 March 1577, for 115 men and 18 months. These plans contain an extraordinarily detailed food procurement list: the quantity of each food, the cost of each item, and how the rations were to be allocated. The subject of this paper is a nutritional analysis of the rations on this list. It is assumed that the March list is simply an 18-month version of what was put in place for the eventual seven-month expedition.The individual foods for the expedition were grouped into four basic meal plans, rotated throughout the journey at four ‘meat days’ and three ‘fast days’ per week. Since the amount of each food allocated per person per day was indicated, the quantities of each were able to be converted into modern measures, based on foods thought to be near equivalents to those in Frobisher's time, and the caloric and nutrient intake calculated. The results show a fairly monotonous diet of about 4000 calories on fast days to 5000 calories on meat days. Except for a virtual absence of vitamin C, the diet seems nutritionally adequate over short runs. Inadequacies could occur quickly if some foodstuffs went bad, or if members of the crew were depleted of crucial nutrients, such as ascorbic acid, before the voyage began. On longer journeys this diet would have been inadequate, as it is doubtful if beer (29% of the calories) or butter and cheese (most of the vitamin A) could have lasted for more than six months. An examination of 18 Arctic voyages between Frobisher's first (1576) and that of James (1631–1632) demonstrates that they had similar foodstuffs on board, and that few suffered appreciable dietary problems unless they were gone for more than six months.

FUNCTIONING OF THE MENTAL DEFENSES IN THE CONDUCT OF INTERROGATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2161-2165
Author(s):  
Hristo Ivanov Popnikolov
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subjective Side

From the subject presented in the report it is evident that the pre-trial and the court bodies may, to some extent, be influenced both by the person of the accused and by his competence to participate in the criminal process. In this regard as an expert, the psychologist can offer invaluable assistance. Each expertise would assist all actors involved in the administration of justice on their objective assessment of the offenders, the understanding of their individual protection and the inherent self-justification during procedural actions. The involvement of psychologists in the criminal process is key to establishing the truth in the investigation, because every crime as an act has a subjective side, expressed in the psychic attitude of the perpetrator to the committed act. Establishing these psychological motives is a key point in the criminal process with a view to establishing the truth.Psychological protection stabilizes the personality in the critical conditions of counteraction, related to the elimination of the experiences of tension, anxiety, stress and frustration, leading to maximum mobilization of its resources and at the same time to their overpayment. Thus, the individual who is the subject of the process action is protected against the adverse external influences, but at the cost of a lot of effort and enormous loss of nervous-mental energy, which increases his own vulnerability instead of contributing to its reduction. The appearance and functioning of psychological protection can be significantly impeded by the interaction of the investigator with the accused. Even more complicated is the situation when it breaks the communication contact that may arise in the psychological alienation and self-isolation of the accused due to the desire to protect himself.Protective psychological dominance is a real psychic activity that investigators, investigators, investigators and judges need to take into account in order to effectively deal with their task and to overcome the resistance of the investigated persons and in a time to prove in a lawful and moral way their guilt and participation in the commitment of the crimes.

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-158
Author(s):  
Carl C. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Whooping Cough ◽  
American People ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Federal Assistance ◽  
Children Under 5

REGARDLESS of how we, as individual physicians, may feel about the role of the federal government in the individual practice of medicine, the time has long since passed when we can afford the luxury of ignoring it. In past years the influence of the government on medicine has been mostly in general areas and perhaps least of all in that of pediatrics; but under the present administration there has been a decided change. For this reason it seems necessary to me to call to the attention of all Fellows of the Academy the particular items in President Kennedy's message of February 26, 1962, which relate specifically to the practice of Pediatrics. These may be considered to be three in number: The first of these dealt with the subject of immunization. On this topic President Kennedy said: I am asking the American people to join in a nationwide vaccination program to stamp out these four diseases (whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, and poliomyelitis) encouraging all communities to immunize both children and adults, keep them immunized and plan for the routine immunization of children yet to be born. To assist the states and local communities in this effort over the next 3 years, I am proposing legislation authorizing a program of federal assistance. This program would cover the full cost of vaccines for all children under 5 years of age. It would also assist in meeting the cost of organizing the vaccination drives begun during this period, and the cost of extra personnel needed for certain special tasks.

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF VITAMINS A AND C ON TISSUE UBIQUINONES AND STEROLS OF RATS AND GUINEA PIGS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 749-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Vitamin C Deficiency ◽  
Vitamins A And C ◽  
Combined Deficiency

The effect of administration of ascorbic acid to normal or vitamin A-deficient rats was studied in relation to hepatic levels of ubiquinones and sterols. Similar studies were made on tissues from guinea pigs deficient in vitamin C, vitamin A, or both. Vitamin A deficiency increased the concentration of liver ubiquinones in the rat. Administration of ascorbate did not influence tissue levels of ubiquinones or sterols. Vitamin C deficiency increased the concentration of sterols but not of ubiquinones in the liver of the guinea pig. Vitamin A deficiency did not increase ubiquinones nor did a combined deficiency of vitamins A and C. A secondary effect of vitamin C deficiency in the vitamin A-deficient rat is not the cause of increased ubiquinone levels.

ASCORBIC ACID AND CAROTENE VALUES OF NATIVE EASTERN ARCTIC PLANTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1859-1862 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hoffman ◽  
F. S. Nowosad ◽  
W. J. Cody
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Far North ◽  
Arctic Plants ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Β Carotene

Leaves, stems, roots, and berries of a number of native plants which were collected in the Ungava Bay region of northern Quebec were analyzed for ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and β-carotene (vitamin A) in a laboratory set up near Fort Chimo.The results indicated that some plants from the Eastern Arctic were remarkably vitamin-rich. These findings demonstrated that wild plants represent a valuable natural resource which might be utilized under survival conditions or as required to ensure proper nutrition in the far North.

Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (05) ◽  
pp. 758-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Marchioli
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
First Line ◽  
Ldl Particles

SummaryInterest in the use of antioxidants for the treatment of human disease, and in the role of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of disease development, has been sustained for at least two decades. Several anti-oxidant protective mechanisms exist and constitute a primary defensive system including enzymatic defences (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, which depend on the presence of ions such as selenium, zinc, copper, and manganese) and naturally occurring vita-mins such as vitamin E, vitamin A, beta-carotene, and vitamin C. The most important natural antioxidants are vitamin E (in the form of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols), beta-carotene, vitamin C and selenium (fundamental constituent of glutathione-peroxidase, i.e., an enzyme with antioxidant function). The first two are lipophilic substances whilst ascorbic acid is hydrophilic. Each antioxidant has a different important mechanism of action since oxidative damage can be caused by lipid- or water-soluble molecules. Lipid-soluble antioxidants are likely to be very important in preventing the peroxidation of low-density lipo-proteins (LDL) and this action could be paramount in the prevention of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, water-soluble antioxidants could be useful where a water-soluble oxidative stress occurs (e.g., inflammation). As lipophilic molecules, vitamin E and beta-carotene are incorporated into the LDL particle. Vitamin E is the main lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidant in plasma and tissues and converts the peroxyl-free radical to hydroperoxide, a less reactive radical. It acts as a first-line anti-oxidative defence of LDL particles, protecting unsatu-rated fatty acids from peroxidation. Beta-carotene is a carotenoid (precursor of vitamin A, pro-vitamin) that acts as scavenger of oxidising radicals such as singlet oxygen and is a second-line antioxidative defence of LDL cholesterol. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can react with singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and is the first line of antioxi-dative defence in water-soluble compartments. In addition, it plays an important role in regenerating reduced -tocopherol.

scholarly journals The distribution of vitamin C in foods sold on the open market

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gweneth Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Sufficient Vitamin ◽  
The Cost

Values for the ascorbic acid content of a number of foods sold in diverse markets were determined by titration against 2: 6 dichlorophenolindophenol in acid solution. The results showed that the least expensive material was not necessarily the poorest source of vitamin C and might be more valuable than expensive foods. Samples of cabbage from the cheap market contained 329% as much vitamin C as samples from expensive sources. These results on comparison with figures recorded for fresh garden produce showed that market foods have lost some of their vitamin C content on exposure for sale, but still contain satisfactory amounts of ascorbic acid when purchased.Results from different samples of fruits and vegetables showed wide variation. No data relating to storage before purchase were available, so limiting figures were used for each food. Mean values were calculated for purposes of comparative tabulation.The effect of household storage after purchase was noted for foods from inexpensive and fashionable markets. The values obtained showed that the loss of ascorbic acid in foods stored in the home after a period of exposure for sale, though marked, was not as serious as has previously been indicated.An irregular fall in the ascorbic acid content of some of the material examined was noted and investigated. Wide variations in the amount of ascorbic acid present in different parts of individual fruits and vegetables were observed. In view of experimental results it is recommended that foods be purchased and prepared for consumption immediately before use.Canned foods from diverse markets were examined to determine their ascorbic acid content, and it was shown that the vitamin is distributed throughout solid and liquid. Although a percentage of vitamin is destroyed on heating, those fruits and vegetables initially high in ascorbic acid retained sufficient vitamin to afford a better, and frequently cheaper, source of vitamin than unheated samples with a low ascorbic acid content. Considerable quantities of vitamin C are lost when the liquid from canned vegetables is discarded. When the syrup from cans is used as well as the fruit the vitamin available to the consumer is frequently greater than the amount yielded by the same weight of raw fruit from market sources.Raw and canned plant tissues from cheap and expensive sources were compared for their antiscorbutic value in the human diet, and for the cost of the daily requirement at ruling market prices. It was found that a day's ration of ascorbic acid could be purchased at a cost as low as a farthing to as high as a pound.

scholarly journals Relative validation of a quantitative FFQ for use in Brazilian pregnant women

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1419-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Barbieri ◽  
Renata Y Nishimura ◽  
Lívia C Crivellenti ◽  
Daniela S Sartorelli
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the ability of an FFQ, designed for use in Brazilian pregnant women, to estimate nutrient intakes during pregnancy.DesignA prospective study was conducted among 103 pregnant women attended by the Brazilian national health-care service. Food intake during pregnancy was evaluated by three 24 h dietary recalls (24hR), one per trimester of pregnancy, and also by two FFQ. The FFQ with eighty-five food items included questions about frequency of intake and portion sizes during two periods: the first 24 weeks of pregnancy and the pregnancy period as a whole. Deattenuated Pearson's correlation coefficients and joint classification into quartiles of nutrient intake were applied.SettingRibeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil.SubjectsOne hundred and three pregnant women, aged 18–35 years.ResultsAcceptable correlation coefficients (r > 0·35) were found for Ca, K, Zn, Mg, fibre, vitamin C, niacin and folic acid for intake for the first 24 weeks; and for energy, lipids, protein, carbohydrate, Fe, K, Zn, fibre, vitamin B6, riboflavin and niacin for the gestational period as a whole. A high proportion of study participants (≥70 %) were categorized into the same or adjacent quartiles for estimated energy, carbohydrate, Ca, K, fibre, Zn, cholesterol, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E and folic acid. Gross misclassification ranged from 2·3 % (dietary fibre) to 12·5 % (vitamin A, thiamin and SFA).ConclusionsThe FFQ is a useful tool for assessing categories of nutrient intake during pregnancy, since a high proportion of women were classified into the same or adjacent quartiles.

The requirements of the pig for “vitamin A” and “vitamin C.”

1924 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Boyd Orr ◽  
Arthur Crichton
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
The Subject

Most of our information on the subject of vitamins has been derived from experiments on small animals fed on synthetic diets. The direct application of the results of such experiments to the feeding of farm animals under practical conditions is not warranted. Animals differ in the degree of their susceptibility to disease caused by lack of vitamins, and laboratory diets, composed of foodstuffs subject to abnormal physical or chemical processes, such as heating under pressure, or prolonged extraction with fat solvents, have no parallel in animal husbandry.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONING OF THE MENTAL DEFENSES IN THE CONDUCT OF THE INTERROGATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1497-1502
Author(s):  
Hristo Ivanov Popnikolov
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subjective Side

From the subject presented in the report it is evident that the pre-trial and the court bodies may, to some extent, be influenced both by the person of the accused and by his competence to participate in the criminal process. In this regard as an expert, the psychologist can offer invaluable assistance. Each expertise would assist all actors involved in the administration of justice on their objective assessment of the offenders, the understanding of their individual protection and the inherent self-justification during procedural actions. The involvement of psychologists in the criminal process is key to establishing the truth in the investigation, because every crime as an act has a subjective side, expressed in the psychic attitude of the perpetrator to the committed act. Establishing these psychological motives is a key point in the criminal process with a view to establishing the truth.Psychological protection stabilizes the personality in the critical conditions of counteraction, related to the elimination of the experiences of tension, anxiety, stress and frustration, leading to maximum mobilization of its resources and at the same time to their overpayment. Thus, the individual who is the subject of the process action is protected against the adverse external influences, but at the cost of a lot of effort and enormous loss of nervous-mental energy, which increases his own vulnerability instead of contributing to its reduction. The appearance and functioning of psychological protection can be significantly impeded by the interaction of the investigator with the accused. Even more complicated is the situation when it breaks the communication contact that may arise in the psychological alienation and self-isolation of the accused due to the desire to protect himself.Protective psychological dominance is a real psychic activity that investigators, investigators, investigators and judges need to take into account in order to effectively deal with their task and to overcome the resistance of the investigated persons and in a time to prove in a lawful and moral way their guilt and participation in the commitment of the crimes.

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