From awe to satisfaction: immediate affective responses to the Antarctic tourism experience

Polar Record ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Powell ◽  
Matthew T.J. Brownlee ◽  
Stephen R. Kellert ◽  
Sam H. Ham
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Transformative Experience ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
Experience Survey ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTAntarctica is a rugged, austere, and yet stunningly beautiful continent with charismatic fauna including several species of penguins, whales, and seals. Mass media, writings from the early explorers, and modern film all describe firsthand experiences as delightful, beautiful, challenging, humbling, and even awe-inspiring. This dramatic allure of Antarctica now fuels one of the fastest growing tourism markets in the world with over 30,000 visitors annually traveling to the continent. Despite the fact that Antarctic tourism has occurred for over 30 years, little research has investigated the psychological and affective influence of these immersive tourism experiences in the Antarctic environment. This study explored visitors' affective judgments regarding their Antarctic tourism experience. An onsite post experience survey was administered to Antarctic tourists to investigate their satisfaction with a range of tour attributes. In addition, the researchers used the open-ended question, “How did this Antarctic experience affect you?” to explore tourists’ affective response to their interaction with the Antarctic tourism environment. These open ended responses were coded using a priori themes generated from Kellert's environmental values typology. Additionally, each response was analysed for the presence of an awe experience. Further analysis revealed that tourists described five sub-dimensions of an ‘awe’ experience (nature-human relationship, spiritual connection, transformative experience, goal clarification, and sense of feeling humbled), with many individuals experiencing multiple dimensions of awe. Consequently, this analysis reveals that the impact of an Antarctic tour experience is powerful, rich, and extremely complex.

scholarly journals Southern westerlies in LGM and future (RCP4.5) climates

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Chavaillaz ◽  
F. Codron ◽  
M. Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Jet Stream ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Oceanic Circulation ◽  
Westerly Jet ◽  
Poleward Shift ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Southern Westerlies ◽  
The Last Glacial

Abstract. Mid-latitude westerlies are a major component of the atmospheric circulation and understanding their behaviour under climate change is important for understanding changes in precipitation, storms and atmosphere–ocean momentum, heat and CO2 exchanges. The Southern Hemisphere westerlies have been particularly studied in terms of the latter aspects, since the Southern Ocean is a key region for the global oceanic circulation as well as for CO2 uptake. In this study, we analyse, mainly in terms of jet stream position, the behaviour of the southern westerlies for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 yr ago, which is the last past cold extreme) and for a future climate, obtained after stabilisation of the RCP4.5 scenario. The a priori guess would be that the behaviour of the westerly jet stream would be similar when examining its changes from LGM to pre-industrial (PI) conditions and from PI to RCP4.5, i.e. in both cases a poleward shift in response to global warming. We show that this is in fact not the case, due to the impact of altitude changes of the Antarctic ice sheet and/or to sea ice cover changes.

scholarly journals Southern westerlies in LGM and future (RCP4.5) climates

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3693-3717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Chavaillaz ◽  
F. Codron ◽  
M. Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Jet Stream ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Oceanic Circulation ◽  
Westerly Jet ◽  
Poleward Shift ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Southern Westerlies ◽  
The Last Glacial

Abstract. Mid-latitude westerlies are a major component of the atmospheric circulation and understanding their behaviour under climate change is important for understanding changes in precipitation, storms and atmosphere-ocean momentum, heat and CO2 exchanges. The Southern Hemisphere westerlies, have been particularly studied in terms of the latter aspects, since the Southern Ocean is a key region for the global oceanic circulation as well as for CO2 uptake. In this study, we analyse, mainly in terms of maximum jet-stream position, the behaviour of the southern westerlies for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 yr ago, which is the last past cold extreme) and for a future climate, obtained after stabilisation of the RCP4.5 scenario (hereafter RCP). The a priori guess would be that the behaviour of the westerly jet-stream would be similar when examining its changes from LGM to pre-industrial (PI) conditions and from PI to RCP, i.e. in both cases a poleward shift in response to global warming. We show that this is in fact not the case, due to the impact of altitude changes of the Antarctic ice-sheet and/or to sea-ice cover changes.

scholarly journals Culinary Influence on Bengaluru as a Tourism Destination

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 766-774
Keyword(s):  
Food Habits ◽  
Market Segment ◽  
Tourism Destination ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Culinary Tourism ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Regression Tests

Bengaluru, the capital of Karnataka, attracts tourists from far and wide every day of the year. The city is home to people of various cultures and nationalities, and is amongst the fastest growing cities of the world. Bengaluru has a huge potential with regard to tourism and this hence forms the area of study for this study. In relation to the tourism component, the author establishes a connection with the culinary offerings of the city. The city boasts of busting restaurants and streets filled with local vendors offering the authentic dishes of the lands cuisine. This article aims to study the food habits and preferences of inward tourists in order to estimate the impact of culinary aspects of the city on its tourism. The study was carried out by surveying the visitors of Bengaluru, who sought out to identify their food values and perceptions. This was done in relevance to potential scope for tourism opportunities for the city. The article thus holds scope for further research on the potential of culinary tourism in Bengaluru. The study was undertaken by surveying 246 visitors by administering a questionnaire that was aimed at acquiring their opinions on the culinary aspects of the city. The study is built based on their responses which were statistically analysed using reliability, association, variance and regression tests. The research results helped conclude that the aspects of culinary and gastronomy of a tourist destination do play an important role in the tourism experience. This study holds future scope for culinary tourism as a specific market segment for destinations that show the importance of culinary aspects. This study thus fills in the gap between studies that determine the factors that affect tourism experience and studies that explain culinary tourism.

scholarly journals La paradoxa de la biodiversitat marina antàrtica

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Ambroso ◽  
Josep-Maria Gili ◽  
Rebeca Zapata Guardiola ◽  
Janire Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Antarctic Continental Shelf ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Impact

The study of pristine places is very important for learning about the state of the oceans before the impact of human beings. Because of the extreme environmental conditions of the Antarctic continental shelf – its distance from other continents, depth, and the weight of the continental ice – it offers us a great opportunity to better understand how a pristine ecosystem would normally be. In addition to a high level of biodiversity, Antarctic benthic organisms present patterns of demographic and spatial distribution that are different from the communities of the continental platforms in other seas and oceans of the world. This makes Antarctic benthic communities look, more than one might think, like the communities with the highest known biodiversity in the world.

scholarly journals Smokers’ Affective Responses to COVID-19-Related Health Warnings on Cigarette Packets: The Influence of Delay Discounting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Robert Harrison Brown ◽  
Paul Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The addition of graphic health warnings on cigarette packets can facilitate smoking cessation, primarily through their ability to elicit a negative affective response. Smoking is linked to COVID-19 mortality, thus making it likely to elicit a strong affective response in smokers. COVID-19-related health warnings (C19HW) may therefore enhance graphic health warnings, when compared to traditional health warnings (THW). Further, because impulsivity influences smoking behaviours, we also examined whether these affective responses were associated with delay discounting.Methods: In a between-subjects design, 240 smokers rated the valence and arousal elicited by tobacco packaging that contained either a C19HW or THW (both referring to death). Participants also completed questionnaires to quantify delay discounting and attitudes towards COVID-19 and smoking (eg, health risks, motivation to quit).Results: There were no differences between the two health warning types on either valence or arousal, nor any secondary outcome variables. There was, however, a significant interaction between health warning type and delay discounting on arousal ratings. Specifically, in smokers who exhibit low delay discounting, C19HWs elicited significantly greater subjective arousal rating than did THWs, whereas there was no significant effect of health warning type on arousal in smokers who exhibited high delay discounting.Conclusion: The results suggest that in smokers who exhibit low impulsivity (but not high impulsivity), C19HWs may be more arousing than THWs. Future work is required to explore the long-term utility of C19HWs, and to identify the specific mechanism by which delay discounting moderates the impact of tobacco health warnings.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Offer Frame Manipulations On Responders Playing The Ultimatum Game

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Floriane Fabre ◽  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Cristina Cacciari ◽  
Sylvie Borau ◽  
Mickael Causse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Impact

The present study was designed to test the impact of frame manipulations on the decision making of responders playing the ultimatum game. Experiment 1 investigated responders event related potentials (ERPs) measured in response to the offers as a function of the frame (i.e., negative: the proposer keeps versus positive the proposer offers). While no difference in acceptation rate was found as a function of the offers frame, electrophysiological results suggest that the stronger negative affective response to the offers in the negative frame (N400) was successfully reappraised by the responders (P600), possibly explaining why the offer frame manipulation did not modulate acceptation rates. No framing effect was found when the ultimatum game was played in its one-shot version (Experiment 2), suggesting that repeated measurements did not affect responders behavior. However, an offer framing effect was found in female (but not in male) responders, when the players cognitive charge was increased using more complex game rules (Experiment 3), presumably reflecting women's greater affective responses to negative outcomes. Taken together, these results suggest that framing manipulations are associated with complex affective and cognitive processes, supporting the cognitive affective tradeoff model.

scholarly journals Smokers’ Affective Responses to COVID-19-Related Health Warnings on Cigarette Packets: The Influence of Delay Discounting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R H Brown ◽  
Paul Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Low Delay ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The addition of graphic health warnings to cigarette packets can facilitate smoking cessation, primarily through their ability to elicit a negative affective response. Smoking has been linked to COVID-19 mortality, thus making it likely to elicit a strong affective response in smokers. COVID-19-related health warnings (C19HW) may therefore enhance graphic health warnings, when compared to traditional health warnings (THW). Further, because impulsivity influences smoking behaviours, we also examined whether these affective responses were associated with delay discounting. Methods In a between-subjects design, 240 smokers rated the valence and arousal elicited by tobacco packaging that contained either a C19HW or THW (both referring to death). Participants also completed questionnaires to quantify delay discounting and attitudes towards COVID-19 and smoking (eg, health risks, motivation to quit). Results There were no differences between the two health warning types on either valence or arousal, nor any secondary outcome variables. There was, however, a significant interaction between health warning type and delay discounting on arousal ratings. Specifically, in smokers who exhibit low delay discounting, C19HWs elicited significantly greater subjective arousal rating than did THWs, whereas there was no significant effect of health warning type on arousal in smokers who exhibited high delay discounting. Conclusion The results suggest that in smokers who exhibit low impulsivity (but not high impulsivity), C19HWs may be more arousing than THWs. Future work is required to explore the long-term utility of C19HWs, and to identify the specific mechanism by which delay discounting moderates the efficacy of tobacco health warnings. Implications The study is the first to explore the impact of COVID-19-related health warnings on cigarette packaging. The results suggest that COVID-19-related warnings elicit a similar level of negative emotional arousal, relative to traditional warnings. However, COVID-19 warnings, specifically, elicit especially strong emotional responses in less impulsive smokers, who report low delay discounting. Therefore, there is preliminary evidence supporting COVID-19 related warnings for tobacco products to aid smoking cessation. Additionally, there is novel evidence that, for some warnings, high impulsiveness may be a factor in reduced warning efficacy, which may explain poorer cessation success in this population.

Haptic information processing and need for touch in product evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Jha ◽  
M.S. Balaji ◽  
Marla B. Royne Stafford ◽  
Nancy Spears
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Haptic Information ◽  
Cognitive Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effects of purchase environment, product type and need for touch (NFT) on cognitive response, affective response and overall product evaluation in the USA and India. Design/methodology/approach Two experiments were conducted in two different consumer markets. In Study 1, participants evaluated haptic and non-haptic products and gave responses on cognitive response, affective response and overall product evaluation measures in the US market. In Study 2, the authors replicate Study 1 in a culturally different market of India and extend Study 1 by examining the moderating role of instrumental and autotelic dimensions of NFT on the effect of purchase environment on cognitive and affective responses. Findings Research findings suggest that cognitive and affective responses are the underlying mechanism between the purchase environment and overall response only for haptic product among Indian consumers. In contrast, affective response is the underlying mechanism explaining this relationship among US consumers. Furthermore, the instrumental dimension of NFT moderates the impact of purchase environment on cognitive but the autotelic NFT moderates the effect of purchase environment on affective response only for the haptic product but not for the non-haptic product. Research limitations/implications The study uses a relatively homogenous sample in the Indian market in contrast to the US market. Practical implications Results advance the understanding of the importance of haptic information processing in consumer decision-making across different purchase environments, product types and NFT using psychological distance (proximity) as a theoretical underpinning. With non-haptic shopping environments (i.e. online and mobile) growing rapidly, the results have critical implications for development of marketing strategies in Asian and US markets. Originality/value Empirical research examining the underlying mechanism by which purchase environment influences overall evaluation for haptic product is scarce. Additionally, understanding of the differential roles of instrumental and autotelic dimensions of NFT on cognitive and affective responses is very limited. This research fills this void and provides an understanding of the specific environment in evaluating haptic and non-haptic products in two distinct markets.

Exploring the World Trade Organisation's Trade and Environment/Public Health Jurisprudence as a Model for Incorporating a Trade–Labour Linkage into the Organisation's Multilateral Trade Regime: Should African Countries Accept a Policy Shift?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Tapiwa V. Warikandwa ◽  
Patrick C. Osode
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Impact

The incorporation of a trade-labour (standards) linkage into the multilateral trade regime of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been persistently opposed by developing countries, including those in Africa, on the grounds that it has the potential to weaken their competitive advantage. For that reason, low levels of compliance with core labour standards have been viewed as acceptable by African countries. However, with the impact of WTO agreements growing increasingly broader and deeper for the weaker and vulnerable economies of developing countries, the jurisprudence developed by the WTO Panels and Appellate Body regarding a trade-environment/public health linkage has the potential to address the concerns of developing countries regarding the potential negative effects of a trade-labour linkage. This article argues that the pertinent WTO Panel and Appellate Body decisions could advance the prospects of establishing a linkage of global trade participation to labour standards without any harm befalling developing countries.

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