scholarly journals Smokers’ Affective Responses to COVID-19-Related Health Warnings on Cigarette Packets: The Influence of Delay Discounting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R H Brown ◽  
Paul Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Low Delay ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The addition of graphic health warnings to cigarette packets can facilitate smoking cessation, primarily through their ability to elicit a negative affective response. Smoking has been linked to COVID-19 mortality, thus making it likely to elicit a strong affective response in smokers. COVID-19-related health warnings (C19HW) may therefore enhance graphic health warnings, when compared to traditional health warnings (THW). Further, because impulsivity influences smoking behaviours, we also examined whether these affective responses were associated with delay discounting. Methods In a between-subjects design, 240 smokers rated the valence and arousal elicited by tobacco packaging that contained either a C19HW or THW (both referring to death). Participants also completed questionnaires to quantify delay discounting and attitudes towards COVID-19 and smoking (eg, health risks, motivation to quit). Results There were no differences between the two health warning types on either valence or arousal, nor any secondary outcome variables. There was, however, a significant interaction between health warning type and delay discounting on arousal ratings. Specifically, in smokers who exhibit low delay discounting, C19HWs elicited significantly greater subjective arousal rating than did THWs, whereas there was no significant effect of health warning type on arousal in smokers who exhibited high delay discounting. Conclusion The results suggest that in smokers who exhibit low impulsivity (but not high impulsivity), C19HWs may be more arousing than THWs. Future work is required to explore the long-term utility of C19HWs, and to identify the specific mechanism by which delay discounting moderates the efficacy of tobacco health warnings. Implications The study is the first to explore the impact of COVID-19-related health warnings on cigarette packaging. The results suggest that COVID-19-related warnings elicit a similar level of negative emotional arousal, relative to traditional warnings. However, COVID-19 warnings, specifically, elicit especially strong emotional responses in less impulsive smokers, who report low delay discounting. Therefore, there is preliminary evidence supporting COVID-19 related warnings for tobacco products to aid smoking cessation. Additionally, there is novel evidence that, for some warnings, high impulsiveness may be a factor in reduced warning efficacy, which may explain poorer cessation success in this population.

scholarly journals Smokers’ Affective Responses to COVID-19-Related Health Warnings on Cigarette Packets: The Influence of Delay Discounting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Robert Harrison Brown ◽  
Paul Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The addition of graphic health warnings on cigarette packets can facilitate smoking cessation, primarily through their ability to elicit a negative affective response. Smoking is linked to COVID-19 mortality, thus making it likely to elicit a strong affective response in smokers. COVID-19-related health warnings (C19HW) may therefore enhance graphic health warnings, when compared to traditional health warnings (THW). Further, because impulsivity influences smoking behaviours, we also examined whether these affective responses were associated with delay discounting.Methods: In a between-subjects design, 240 smokers rated the valence and arousal elicited by tobacco packaging that contained either a C19HW or THW (both referring to death). Participants also completed questionnaires to quantify delay discounting and attitudes towards COVID-19 and smoking (eg, health risks, motivation to quit).Results: There were no differences between the two health warning types on either valence or arousal, nor any secondary outcome variables. There was, however, a significant interaction between health warning type and delay discounting on arousal ratings. Specifically, in smokers who exhibit low delay discounting, C19HWs elicited significantly greater subjective arousal rating than did THWs, whereas there was no significant effect of health warning type on arousal in smokers who exhibited high delay discounting.Conclusion: The results suggest that in smokers who exhibit low impulsivity (but not high impulsivity), C19HWs may be more arousing than THWs. Future work is required to explore the long-term utility of C19HWs, and to identify the specific mechanism by which delay discounting moderates the impact of tobacco health warnings.

scholarly journals Durability of Smoking Cessation for Elective Lower Extremity Orthopaedic Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0039
Author(s):  
Danica H. Smith ◽  
Michael F. McTague ◽  
Michael J. Weaver ◽  
Jeremy T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Impaired Wound Healing ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Impact

Category: General Health Introduction/Purpose: Smoking tobacco is a risk factor for impaired wound healing, infection, delayed fracture healing, and prolonged hospital stay. Smoking cessation prior to surgery has shown a 40% relative risk reduction in total perioperative complications. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of preoperative smoking cessation on long-term smoking habits in patients undergoing elective lower extremity orthopaedic surgery. The secondary outcome is patient-reported effectiveness of smoking cessation method. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed by identifying all patients who were smokers that were required to quit and subsequently had a normal nicotine/cotinine serum test prior to lower extremity orthopaedic surgery. Attempts were made to contact all patients and administer a survey inquiring about demographics, medical history, smoking history, smoking cessation process, and current smoking status. Results: Of 36 eligible patients, 23 completed the survey. Eleven patients identified as current non-smokers (48%) at the time of survey follow-up (mean follow-up 55 months with a range of 12 to 88 months). Of these 11, 82% said they were very likely to continue to refrain from smoking. Twelve patients identified as current smokers at the time of survey, over half of whom ceased smoking for at least three months perioperatively. The reasons for resuming smoking were “stress” (45%), ”falling back into the habit” (37%), and due to “friends who smoke” (18%). The majority of smoking patients (92%) decreased the number of cigarettes they smoked regularly. The most effective smoking cessation techniques were ”cold turkey”, “non-nicotine medication”, and ”trans-dermal nicotine patches”. Conclusion: Elective surgery offers a unique opportunity for smoking cessation. Of 23 patients required to quit smoking prior to surgery, 48% maintained smoking cessation at least one year postoperatively. Of the 12 patients who relapsed, 55% stated that they did not resume smoking until at least three months postoperatively, suggesting that this particular period may be an important time for intensified smoking cessation counseling.

scholarly journals Integrated Phone Counselling and Text Messaging Services at Quitlines: An Acceptability Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorien C. Abroms ◽  
Philip Carroll ◽  
Ashley L. Boal ◽  
Judith Mendel ◽  
Kelly M. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
North America ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Integrated Services ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Services Research ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: With evidence to support the use of text messaging for smoking cessation, some quitlines in North America have incorporated text messaging into their service offerings.Aims: This study sought to evaluate whether integrated phone counselling and text messaging services are acceptable to quitline callers, and to identify strategies for improving text messaging services in the context of a quitline.Methods: Thirty-five adult callers of the New Mexico state quitline who had enrolled in multi-call phone counselling and Text2Quit, a text messaging programme, were interviewed by phone. Interviews assessed use and acceptability of the phone counselling and text messaging interventions.Results: Use of phone counselling and text messaging was generally high among participants. While most participants reported that they would highly recommend Text2Quit (75.8%) or phone counselling (78.8%) individually, a relatively higher proportion indicated they would highly recommend the combined services (93.9%). Suggestions for improvement focused on increased customisation and personalisation.Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence for the acceptability of integrated phone counselling and text messaging services. Research is needed that explores the impact of these widely-used integrated services on smoking cessation.

From awe to satisfaction: immediate affective responses to the Antarctic tourism experience

Polar Record ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Powell ◽  
Matthew T.J. Brownlee ◽  
Stephen R. Kellert ◽  
Sam H. Ham
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Transformative Experience ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
Experience Survey ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTAntarctica is a rugged, austere, and yet stunningly beautiful continent with charismatic fauna including several species of penguins, whales, and seals. Mass media, writings from the early explorers, and modern film all describe firsthand experiences as delightful, beautiful, challenging, humbling, and even awe-inspiring. This dramatic allure of Antarctica now fuels one of the fastest growing tourism markets in the world with over 30,000 visitors annually traveling to the continent. Despite the fact that Antarctic tourism has occurred for over 30 years, little research has investigated the psychological and affective influence of these immersive tourism experiences in the Antarctic environment. This study explored visitors' affective judgments regarding their Antarctic tourism experience. An onsite post experience survey was administered to Antarctic tourists to investigate their satisfaction with a range of tour attributes. In addition, the researchers used the open-ended question, “How did this Antarctic experience affect you?” to explore tourists’ affective response to their interaction with the Antarctic tourism environment. These open ended responses were coded using a priori themes generated from Kellert's environmental values typology. Additionally, each response was analysed for the presence of an awe experience. Further analysis revealed that tourists described five sub-dimensions of an ‘awe’ experience (nature-human relationship, spiritual connection, transformative experience, goal clarification, and sense of feeling humbled), with many individuals experiencing multiple dimensions of awe. Consequently, this analysis reveals that the impact of an Antarctic tour experience is powerful, rich, and extremely complex.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Smoking and Impact of Pictorial Health Warning on Quit Attempts Among Youths in Bhaktapur, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 27s-27s
Author(s):  
B. Dhungel ◽  
K. Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quit Attempt ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
The Impact

Background: Nepal for the first time implemented laws regarding the pictorial health warnings in April 2014 regardless of an unsuccessful challenge that was set up by the tobacco industry in 2011. Results from several studies have shown that health warnings on cigarette packages have been helpful in warning smokers as well as nonsmokers regarding the harms of cigarette smoking, encouraging smokers to quit and also preventing nonsmokers from starting to smoke. Aim: The objective of this study was to find the impact of pictorial health warning on quit attempts. Methods: An explanatory cross-sectional study was conducted among youths aged 15-24 years in Suryabinayak-5, Bhaktapur with probability systematic random sampling technique using self-administered questionnaire. Results: Half (50%) of the respondents first tried smoking at the age of 16 or older. Seventeen percent of the respondents smoked cigarettes either occasionally or regularly during the past 30 days. Most of the respondents (91%) have not tried smokeless tobacco products ever in their life. Sixty-seven percent of the respondents had noticed PHW on cigarette packages during the past 30 days. One fourth (21.8%) respondents made an quit attempt due to PHW during the past 12 months and their maximum duration of abstinence during the last quit attempt was more than a week but less than a month. From the study it is found that there is statistically significant association between noticing pictorial health warning and thought about quitting smoking or intention about not starting smoking. Conclusion: Pictorial warnings effectively increased peoples quitting intentions, attempts as well as relinquishing cigarettes. Our findings suggest that implementing 90% pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs in Nepal would discourage smoking.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Offer Frame Manipulations On Responders Playing The Ultimatum Game

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Floriane Fabre ◽  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Cristina Cacciari ◽  
Sylvie Borau ◽  
Mickael Causse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Impact

The present study was designed to test the impact of frame manipulations on the decision making of responders playing the ultimatum game. Experiment 1 investigated responders event related potentials (ERPs) measured in response to the offers as a function of the frame (i.e., negative: the proposer keeps versus positive the proposer offers). While no difference in acceptation rate was found as a function of the offers frame, electrophysiological results suggest that the stronger negative affective response to the offers in the negative frame (N400) was successfully reappraised by the responders (P600), possibly explaining why the offer frame manipulation did not modulate acceptation rates. No framing effect was found when the ultimatum game was played in its one-shot version (Experiment 2), suggesting that repeated measurements did not affect responders behavior. However, an offer framing effect was found in female (but not in male) responders, when the players cognitive charge was increased using more complex game rules (Experiment 3), presumably reflecting women's greater affective responses to negative outcomes. Taken together, these results suggest that framing manipulations are associated with complex affective and cognitive processes, supporting the cognitive affective tradeoff model.

Reversal of Smoking Effects on Chronic Rhinosinusitis after Smoking Cessation

2017 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie M. Phillips ◽  
Lloyd Hoehle ◽  
Regan W. Bergmark ◽  
David S. Caradonna ◽  
Stacey T. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Oral Corticosteroid ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vas Score ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Snot 22

Objective To understand whether the impact of smoking on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is reversible after smoking cessation. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Academic tertiary care rhinology clinic. Subjects and Methods A total of 103 former-smoker CRS patients and 103 nonsmoker CRS patients were prospectively recruited. The primary outcome measure was sinonasal symptom severity measured with the 22-item Sinonasal Outcomes Test (SNOT-22), and secondary outcome measures were general health-related quality of life (QOL) measured with the 5-dimensional EuroQol visual analog scale (EQ-5D VAS) and patient-reported CRS-related antibiotic and oral corticosteroid usage in the past year. Outcome measures were compared between cohorts and checked for association with time since cessation of smoking for former smokers. Results Compared with nonsmokers, former smokers had worse SNOT-22 score ( P = .019) and EQ-5D VAS score ( P = .001) and reported using more CRS-related antibiotics ( P = .003) and oral corticosteroids in the past year ( P = .013). In former smokers, every year was associated with a statistically significant improvement in SNOT-22 score (β = −0.48; 95% CI, −0.91 to −0.05; P = .032), EQ-5D VAS score (β = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.02-0.91; P = .046), and CRS-related oral corticosteroid use (relative risk = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98; P = .001). Given the differences in our study outcome measures between former smokers and nonsmokers, we estimate that the reversible impacts of smoking on CRS may resolve after 10 to 20 years. Conclusions CRS patients who are former smokers have worse sinonasal symptomatology, QOL, and CRS-related medication usage than nonsmokers. Every year since cessation of smoking is associated improvements in sinonasal symptomatology, QOL, and CRS-related oral corticosteroid use, potentially reaching nonsmoker levels after 10 to 20 years.

scholarly journals How the New European Union’s (Pictorial) Tobacco Health Warnings Influence Quit Attempts and Smoking Cessation: Findings from the 2016–2017 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Surveys

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk-Jan A. van Mourik ◽  
Math J. J. M. Candel ◽  
Gera E. Nagelhout ◽  
Marc C. Willemsen ◽  
Hua-Hie Yong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
Perceived Social Norms

In 2016, the Netherlands was required to introduce new European Union (EU)’s (pictorial) tobacco health warnings. Our objective was to describe the pathways through which the new EU tobacco health warnings may influence quit attempts and smoking cessation among Dutch smokers. Longitudinal data from 2016 and 2017 from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey were used. Smokers who participated in both surveys were included (N = 1017). Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the hypothesized pathways. Health warning salience was positively associated with more health worries (β = 0.301, p < 0.001) and a more positive attitude towards quitting (β = 0.180, p < 0.001), which, in turn, were associated with a stronger quit intention (health worries: β = 0.304, p < 0.001; attitude: β = 0.340, p < 0.001). Quit intention was a strong predictor of quit attempts (β = 0.336, p = 0.001). Health warning salience was also associated with stronger perceived social norms towards quitting (β = 0.166, p < 0.001), which directly predicted quit attempts (β = 0.141, p = 0.048). Quit attempts were positively associated with smoking cessation (β = 0.453, p = 0.043). Based on these findings, we posit that the effect of the EU’s tobacco health warnings on quit attempts and smoking cessation is mediated by increased health worries and a more positive attitude and perceived social norms towards quitting. Making tobacco health warnings more salient (e.g., by using plain packaging) may increase their potential to stimulate quitting among smokers.

Haptic information processing and need for touch in product evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Jha ◽  
M.S. Balaji ◽  
Marla B. Royne Stafford ◽  
Nancy Spears
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Haptic Information ◽  
Cognitive Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effects of purchase environment, product type and need for touch (NFT) on cognitive response, affective response and overall product evaluation in the USA and India. Design/methodology/approach Two experiments were conducted in two different consumer markets. In Study 1, participants evaluated haptic and non-haptic products and gave responses on cognitive response, affective response and overall product evaluation measures in the US market. In Study 2, the authors replicate Study 1 in a culturally different market of India and extend Study 1 by examining the moderating role of instrumental and autotelic dimensions of NFT on the effect of purchase environment on cognitive and affective responses. Findings Research findings suggest that cognitive and affective responses are the underlying mechanism between the purchase environment and overall response only for haptic product among Indian consumers. In contrast, affective response is the underlying mechanism explaining this relationship among US consumers. Furthermore, the instrumental dimension of NFT moderates the impact of purchase environment on cognitive but the autotelic NFT moderates the effect of purchase environment on affective response only for the haptic product but not for the non-haptic product. Research limitations/implications The study uses a relatively homogenous sample in the Indian market in contrast to the US market. Practical implications Results advance the understanding of the importance of haptic information processing in consumer decision-making across different purchase environments, product types and NFT using psychological distance (proximity) as a theoretical underpinning. With non-haptic shopping environments (i.e. online and mobile) growing rapidly, the results have critical implications for development of marketing strategies in Asian and US markets. Originality/value Empirical research examining the underlying mechanism by which purchase environment influences overall evaluation for haptic product is scarce. Additionally, understanding of the differential roles of instrumental and autotelic dimensions of NFT on cognitive and affective responses is very limited. This research fills this void and provides an understanding of the specific environment in evaluating haptic and non-haptic products in two distinct markets.

scholarly journals Dietary and Weight Loss Benefits of a National Sugar-sweetened Beverage Health Warning Policy: A Microsimulation Analysis (OR28-02-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Grummon ◽  
Natalie Smith ◽  
Leah Frerichs ◽  
Lindsey Smith Taillie ◽  
Noel Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Behaviors ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a major contributor to obesity in the United States. To reduce SSB consumption, five U.S. states have proposed requiring front-of-package health warnings on SSBs. Randomized trials indicate that SSB health warnings reduce SSB purchases, but uncertainty remains regarding how these reductions translate into population-level dietary and health outcomes. We aimed to quantify the effects of a national SSB health warning policy on U.S. adults’ dietary behaviors and weight outcomes. Methods We developed and validated a Monte Carlo microsimulation model of dietary behaviors and bodyweight using dietary and anthropometric data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using estimates from existing literature, we simulated how an SSB health warning policy would affect SSB intake and, in turn, how changes in SSB intake would affect total energy intake. We then incorporated a validated model of weight change to translate changes in total energy intake into changes in weight over time. We used the model to simulate the impact of a national SSB health warning policy on SSB intake, total energy intake, body mass, and obesity among U.S. adults over a five-year period. Uncertainty analyses simulated scenarios when varying assumptions about three key model parameters: (1) the extent to which warnings would reduce SSB intake, (2) the degree of caloric compensation following a reduction in SSB intake, and (3) the extent to which warnings’ impact would increase or decrease over time. Results Implementing a national SSB health warning policy would reduce average SSB intake by 26.2 calories/day (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = −32.8, −19.4) and total energy intake by 32.4 calories/day (95% UI = −37.9, −26.7). These dietary changes would reduce average BMI by 0.6 kg/m2 (95% UI = −0.7, −0.5) and obesity prevalence by 2.1 percentage points (95% UI = −3.2pp, −0.9pp). BMI reductions would be largest among adults who are Black or Hispanic, have low educational attainment, or have low income. Obesity reductions persist when assuming warning efficacy decreases over time and when using conservative estimates of warning impact or caloric compensation. Conclusions Implementing a national SSB health warning policy could reduce SSB consumption, average BMI, and obesity among U.S. adults. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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