Distortion of body image in the obese: a sensory phenomenon

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Renée Martinez ◽  
Tracy Espinoza ◽  
Venice Gallegos
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
And Control

SynopsisBody weight in 42 obese and normal weight subjects was measured using a video TV monitor. Tasks included a continuous task where subjects manipulated the width of their body image on TV, and a discrete task, where they judged the accuracy of their TV image which was presented as either normal, too heavy, or too thin. Subjects rated their full body, body regions which included face, waist, and thighs, and two inanimate control objects. Results from the continuous task revealed that obese subjects overestimated body size more than normals. There was also a significant difference in the ratings of the four body regions, with all regions overestimated. Judgements were more accurate for body regions and control objects on ascending trials where the subjects had to increase the width of the image. No differences were obtained between obese and normals on judgements of the control objects. On the discrete discrimination task, a signal detection analysis revealed sensory sensitivity differences between obese and normal weight subjects. Obese subjects were poorer at detecting size distortions of the body regions. The thin/normal discrimination was more difficult than the heavy/normal discrimination. No response criterion differences were found between obese and control subjects, although subjects adopted a more strict criterion with the thin/normal discriminations. Implications of these findings for clinical intervention in eating disorders are discussed.

Obesity and body image: an evaluation of sensory and non-sensory components

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Renee Martinez ◽  
Yvonne Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Initial Image ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Signal Detection Analysis ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Discrete Task

SynopsisBody image in 38 obese and normal weight subjects was measured using a video TV monitor. Tasks included a continuous task where subjects manipulated the size of their body image on a TV screen, and a discrete task, where they judged the accuracy of their TV image which was presented as either too heavy or too thin. Subjects viewed their images in both regular street clothes and with minimal clothing.Results from the continuous task revealed that obese subjects overestimated body size. All subjects were more accurate on trials in which the initial image was adjusted in the heavier direction.On the discrete task, a signal detection analysis revealed sensory sensitivity differences between obese and normal weight subjects. Obese subjects were better at detecting distortion caused by a too thin image, but were inferior in detecting a too heavy distortion. No significant differences were obtained in response criteria or between clothing conditions.

Signal-Detection Analysis of Recognition Memory of Obese Subjects

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Yvonne Sandoval ◽  
Beth Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Signal Detection Analysis ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
And Control

Obese and normal-weight subjects were run on a series of recognition-memory tasks with low and high meaningful CVC trigrams. Subjects received feedback or no feedback regarding the appropriateness of their answers during testing for recognition memory. A signal-detection analysis was used to examine a relatively pure index of memory ( d') as compared to response-bias factors [Ln (β)]. No significant main effect on memory of obese and control subjects was noted although a significant interaction indicated that obese subjects' memory increases over trials in a differential fashion from normal-weight individuals with poorer performance among the obese after 3 trials. Feedback facilitated memory for both groups. Analysis of response criteria [Ln (β)] showed no significant difference between groups. Highly meaningful trigrams had a significantly lower response criterion than low meaningful trigrams and there was a significant interaction of meaningfulness by trials. An interaction of feedback by meaningfulness was also present. Advantages of using a signal-detection analysis in memory studies comparing obese and normal weight subjects are discussed. Ramifications of the present data for the internality/externality hypothesis of obesity are also discussed.

Abstract 6256: Absence of Leptin Resistance in Platelets from Obese Individuals Suggests a Mechanism for Increased Thrombosis Risk in Obesity

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Dellas ◽  
Katrin Schaefer ◽  
Ilonka Rohm ◽  
Mareike Lankeit ◽  
Gerd Hasenfuss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Thrombosis Risk ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
And Control ◽  
Induced Aggregation

Clinical studies have demonstrated that elevated leptin levels, such as frequently found in obesity, are an independent cardiovascular risk factor. We and others have shown that leptin promotes platelet aggregation and thrombosis. However, little is known about the existence of platelet resistance to leptin, particularly in the setting of obesity and central leptin resistance. In the present study, we examined the effects of leptin on platelet aggregation in morbidly obese subjects (n=40; BMI 41.6±1.1 kg/m2; leptin 49.7±3.4 ng/mL) in comparison to normal-weight controls (n=36; BMI 23.3±0.4; leptin 6.5±0.7). The aggregatory response to ADP was significantly increased in platelets from obese donors compared to controls as shown by a left-shift in the ADP dose curves. Thus, percent platelet aggregation at 2, 3, 4, and 5 μM ADP was 18.7±4.8 in the obese vs. 4.7±2.0 in controls (P=0.01), 37.2±6.6 vs. 17.1±4.4 (P=0.01), 60.8±6.0 vs. 37.8±6.5 (P=0.01), and 80.2±6.5 vs. 44.5±8.8 (P=0.002), respectively. Plasma leptin levels, but not the body-mass-index, were significantly higher in subjects with stronger (above the median) platelet aggregation in response to ADP compared to those with weaker (below the median) aggregation (35.9±5.1 vs. 22.4±4.1 ng/mL; P=0.04). In further experiments, exogenous leptin stimulation promoted ADP-induced platelet aggregation by 25% on average, and there was no difference in the responsiveness to leptin between platelets from obese and those from lean donors (controls; P=0.99). Using Western blot analysis we found that leptin induced phosphorylation of the signaling molecules JAK2 and STAT3 to a similar extent in platelets from both groups. Expression of potential mediators of leptin resistance (SOCS3 and PTP1B) also did not differ in platelets from obese and control subjects. Taken together, our data indicate that platelets from obese donors show increased aggregatory response to ADP, which might partly result from the increased circulating leptin levels. Platelets from obese individuals were not resistant to the enhancing effects of leptin on ADP-induced aggregation. Our results thus support the existence of a direct link between obesity, hyperleptinemia and thrombosis.

scholarly journals Percepção da imagem corporal e indicadores antropométricos e de composição corporal associados em idosos

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-534
Author(s):  
Iasmim Batista Correia ◽  
Nathalie De Almeida Silva ◽  
Paulo Granges e Silva ◽  
Tarciana Nobre de Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Image ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Image Perception ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Body Image Perception

Aging leads to psychological losses and various physical changes that, associated with body-stereotyped patterns imposed by society, can cause disturbances in the body image perception (BIP) in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate BIP in older adults living in the city of Campina Grande / PB and its relationship with different anthropometric and body composition indicators. This cross-sectional study was carried out with older adults of both sexes enrolled in the Family Health Strategy of Campina Grande, PB. BIP was considered as a dependent variable and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), triceps skinfold (TSF), and arm fat area (AFA) as independent variables. The association between BIP and anthropometric indicators was verified using the Pearson chi-square test (X²), simple and multiple logistic regression, with significance level of p <0.05. Overall, 420 older adults were interviewed (68.1% women), of whom 409 reported their actual body image perception. Regarding the perception of idealized body image, 11 individuals did not respond and 230 were satisfied, since 179 desired another silhouette. Individuals with BMI indicative of overweight / obesity were more likely of showing body image dissatisfaction compared to those with normal weight. Subjects with excessive TSF showed greater body image dissatisfaction in relation to those with normal weight. Women were more likely of showing body image dissatisfaction. Thus, it was observed that variables BMI, TSF and sex were independently associated with body image satisfaction.

scholarly journals How is Satiety Affected When Consuming Food While Working on A Computer?

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Ding ◽  
Nazimah Hamid ◽  
Daniel Shepherd ◽  
Kevin Kantono
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Computer Work ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

More people working at offices are choosing to eat meals at their desks, making “desktop dining” an increasingly common phenomenon. Previous studies have reported that environmental distractors, such as television viewing, can influence meal intake and subsequent snack intake. However, the impact of stressful mental tasks on eating behavior has received relatively less attention, focusing only on subsequent meal intake or concurrent snack intake. This study sets out to determine whether eating while working influenced current meal energy intake. This research also examined the relationship between dietary restraint status and energy intake. A crossover experimental design was employed requiring participants (14 males and 29 females) to eat pizza quietly and at rest (control), and while working on a computer (work). Measurements included BMI, energy intake, state anxiety, restrained eating behavior, stress levels (pre- and post-eating), and appetite (before and after both work and control sessions). The findings showed that consuming food while working on a computer significantly increased stress but had no influence on energy intake compared to the control condition. However, post-eating hunger levels were significantly higher in the work condition compared to the control condition. As expected, satiety levels decreased significantly from pre- to post-eating for both work and control conditions. In addition, no significant relationship was observed between restrained eating behavior and energy intake in both work and control conditions. These results suggest that eating while working affected satiety of normal weight participants, as indicated by the significant difference in post-meal satiety levels between work and control conditions.

Congenital Heart Disease and Childhood Adjustment

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward T. Auer ◽  
Audrey G. Senturia ◽  
Moisy Shopper ◽  
Ralph L. Biddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Emotional Disturbances ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Childhood Adjustment

This report deals with the findings from a study of twenty-eight children, all of whom had ventricular septal defects and were studied by the same cardiovascular team. One-half of the group had a surgical procedure for correction of the defect. The study investigated three problems in children with ventricular septal defect ( VSD). (1) Do children with surgical intervention for VSD show greater impairment of intellectual functioning than non-operated children? (2) Do children with surgical intervention show greater emotional disturbance than non-operated children? (3) Do children with surgical intervention show greater alteration of body image than do non-operated children? Data were collected using questionnaires, family interviews, subject interviews, medical records, school reports, physicians' reports and Human Figure Drawings, both inside and outside the body. The findings conclude that ( a) operated children do demonstrate significantly more impairment of intellectual functioning; ( b) there was no significant difference in the incidence of emotional disturbances between the two groups but that these twenty-eight children with VSD were more similar emotionally to children in a psychiatric clinic group than in a control group; and ( c) the only indication of altered body image was found in the greater frequency with which bones were drawn by the operated group.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Bubur Labu Kuning dan Daging Ayam Terhadap Peningkatan BB pada Bayi Gizi Kurang

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 046
Author(s):  
Yusni Podungge ◽  
Puspita Sukmawaty Rasyid
Keyword(s):  
Normal Weight ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Control

Undernutrition in infants is a condition where the baby does not growand develop optimally because of the unfulfilled intake of nutritionsubstances in the body. Under-nutrition in infants can be overcome bythe provision of balanced nutritious foods, one sign of improvednutrition can be seen from normal weight gain for age. One of the foodsthat can boost the improvement of nutrients is a food that containsproteins and vitamins, such as yellow pumpkin and chicken, whereyellow pumpkin contains vitamin A and chicken meat as a source ofanimal protein that contains good nutrients. The purpose of this studywas to analyze the effect of yellow pumpkin and chicken meat onweight growing infant 12 months in work area of Talaga JayaCommunity Health Center. The research method used experimentalresearch model with design non equivalent control group for eachgroup of intervention and control. Sampling using purposive samplingaccording to inclusion and exclusion criteria. With a sample number of30 malnourished infants less than 12 months of age. Analyticaltechniques was used in the chi square test. The result of this researchwas showed that value of chi square count 22,634 highger than chisquare table Df 1 = 3,841. There was influence giving yellow pumpkinpumper and chicken to enhancement nutritional weight infant weight12 month in work area Puskesmas Talaga Jaya. The conclusion wasthe provision of pumpkin porridge can raise the weight of infants lessthan 12 months of age as a benchmark nutritional improvements ininfants less nutrition.

The Impact of Weight Labels on Body Image, Internalized Weight Stigma, Affect, Perceived Health, and Intended Weight Loss Behaviors in Normal-Weight and Overweight College Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal H. Essayli ◽  
Jessica M. Murakami ◽  
Rebecca E. Wilson ◽  
Janet D. Latner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Perceived Health ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Weight Stigma ◽  
The Body ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: To explore the psychological impact of weight labels. Design: A double-blind experiment that randomly informed participants that they were “normal weight” or “overweight.” Setting: Public university in Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Participants: Normal-weight and overweight female undergraduates (N = 113). Measures: The Body Image States Scale, Stunkard Rating Scale, Weight Bias Internalization Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, General Health question from the 12-item Short Form Health Survey, modified version of the Weight Loss Methods Scale, and a manipulation check. Analysis: A 2 × 2 between-subjects analysis of variance explored the main effects of the assigned weight label and actual weight and interactions between assigned weight label and actual weight. Results: Significant main effects of the assigned weight label emerged on measures of body dissatisfaction, F(1, 109) = 12.40, p = .001, [Formula: see text] = 0.10, internalized weight stigma, F(1, 108) = 4.35, p = .039, [Formula: see text] = .04, and negative affect, F(1, 108) = 9.22, p = .003, [Formula: see text] = .08. Significant assigned weight label × actual weight interactions were found on measures of perceived body image, F(1, 109) = 6.29, p = .014, [Formula: see text] = .06, and perceived health, F(1, 109) = 4.18, p = .043, [Formula: see text] = .04. Conclusion: A weight label of “overweight” may have negative psychological consequences, particularly for overweight women.

scholarly journals Assessment of body image in preschoolers: Perception of parents and children / Valoración de la imagen corporal en preescolares: Percepción de padres e hijos

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-220
Author(s):  
Rosalia Vazquez-Arevalo ◽  
Alberto Rodríguez Nabor ◽  
Xochitl López Aguilar ◽  
Juan Manuel Mancilla-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the body perception (BP) of preschoolers and compare it with the one reported by their parents. A total of 48 preschoolers participated (Mage = 5 years, SD = 0.5), 21 boys, 27 girls, and their parents (47 fathers and 48 mothers). The children were weighed and measured, also they answered the instrument Seven Figures of Collins (SFC) and seven questions about food, beauty and health. The parents answered the Body Image Questionnaire, the Stunkard Figures, as well as the SFCs to identify the real (RF) and ideal figure(IF) of their children. When children described themselves, they mostly referred the normal figure, coinciding with their parents. A very small proportion of preschoolers perceived themselves with obesity (around 29-30%); while any parent identified their children with obesity. 50% of preschoolers chose thinner silhouettes than their body mass index (BMI), but not emaciated. For RF, most parents chose normal weight for boys and light overweight for girls; for IF parents chose, for both sexes, the one with light overweight. In conclusion, the preschool BP disagreed between reality and perception, regardless of their BMI and gender. The parents also did not have an adequate BP for their children. Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la percepción corporal (PC) de preescolares y compararla con la que sus padres tienen de ellos. Participaron 48 preescolares (Medad = 5 años, DE = 0.5), 21 niños y 27 niñas, y sus padres (47 papás y 48 mamás). Los niños fueron pesados y medidos, contestaron el instrumento Siete Figuras de Collins (SFC) y, con relación a éste, siete preguntas sobre alimentación, belleza y salud. A los padres se les aplicó el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal, las Figuras de Stunkard, además de las SFC para que identificaran la figura real (FR) e ideal (FI) de sus hijos. Para describirse, los preescolares refirieron mayormente la figura normopeso, coincidiendo con sus padres. Fue mínima la proporción de preescolares que se percibieron con obesidad (presente en 29-30%); mientras que ningún padre la identificó en sus hijos. El 50% de los preescolares eligió siluetas más delgadas a su índice de masa corporal (IMC), pero no emaciadas. Como FR, la mayoría de los padres eligió la normopeso para los niños y con sobrepeso ligero para las niñas; como FI eligieron, para ambos sexos, aquélla con sobrepeso ligero. En conclusión, la PC del preescolar discrepó entre la real y la percibida, independientemente de su IMC y sexo. Los padres tampoco tuvieron una adecuada PC de sus hijos.

Sensitivity to Proprioceptive Feedback in Obese Subjects

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1111-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Veronica Salaz ◽  
Beth Reyes ◽  
Shirley J. Brake
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Proprioceptive Feedback ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Weight Discrimination ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Signal Detection Analysis ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Male Subjects

40 subjects, 20 obese and 20 normal, were run on a weight-discrimination task requiring judgments dependent on proprioceptive feedback. A signal-detection analysis was used to separate sensory factors from non-sensory, response-bias factors in the analysis of the discriminations. Obese subjects were inferior to normals in ability to make sensory discriminations; the largest differences occurred between obese and normal males. Obese subjects also adopted a more strict criterion (β); the largest differences again occurred for male subjects. Obese subjects showed more variability in their sensory judgments, although there was a significant difference on only one of the 5 discrimination tasks. Results are discussed in terms of the internal-external explanation of obesity.

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