Association between psychotic disorder and urban place of birth is not mediated by obstetric complications or childhood socio-economic position: a cohort study

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. HARRISON ◽  
D. FOUSKAKIS ◽  
F. RASMUSSEN ◽  
P. TYNELIUS ◽  
A. SIPOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Obstetric Complications ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Urban Place ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Economic Position

Background. Although urban place of birth has been identified as a risk factor for schizophrenia, the extent to which this association is mediated by socially patterned risk factors such as obstetric complications and childhood socio-economic position is unclear. The diagnostic specificity of the association within the clinical psychotic syndromes is also unclear.Method. A population cohort of 696025 males and females, born in Sweden between 1973 and 1980 and with linked birth and socio-economic data was followed up from age 16 for up to 9·8 years. Hospitalized cases of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychosis were identified from the Swedish Inpatient Discharge Register. We examined associations of these disorders with a three-level measure of urbanicity of birthplace before and after controlling for measures of foetal nutrition, obstetric complications and level of maternal education.Results. Urban compared to rural birthplace was associated both with increased risk of adult onset schizophrenia (hazard ratio 1·34, CI 0·91–1·96) and other non-affective psychoses (hazard ratio 1·63, CI 1·18–2·26). None of these associations was greatly affected by adjustment for obstetric complications or maternal educational level. In the group of other non-affective psychoses urban–rural differences in disease risk were strongest among those born in the winter months.Conclusion. Urbanization of birthplace is associated with increased risk of non-affective psychosis but this is not confined to narrowly defined cases. The magnitude of the association in Sweden is lower than that reported in other studies. Causal factors underlying this association appear to operate independently of risks associated with obstetric complications and parental educational status.

scholarly journals Obstetric complications and affective psychoses

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bain ◽  
E. Juszczak ◽  
K. McInneny ◽  
R. E. Kendell
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Obstetric Complications ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Patient Diagnosis

BackgroundUnlike schizophrenia, little interest has been taken in the incidence of obstetric complications in affective psychoses.AimsTo find out whether obstetric complications are more common in affective psychoses than matched controls.MethodTwo hundred and seventeen probands with an in-patient diagnosis of affective psychosis who had been born in Scotland in 1971–74, and a further 84 born in 1975–78, were closely matched with controls and the incidence of obstetric complications in the two compared using obstetric data recorded in a set format shortly after birth.ResultsAbnormal presentation of the foetus was the only complication significantly more common in the affective probands in the 1971–74 birth cohort and artificial rupture of the membranes was the only event more common in the probands in the 1975–78 cohort. Both are probably chance findings.ConclusionIt is unlikely that the incidence of obstetric complications is raised in people with affective psychoses of early onset.

scholarly journals Impact of low fasting plasma glucose on mortality in the general population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 147916412093059
Author(s):  
Parag A Chevli ◽  
Muhammad Imtiaz Ahmad ◽  
Krupal Hari ◽  
Muhammad Ali Anees ◽  
Elsayed Z Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Fasting Plasma Glucose ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Fasting Plasma ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Background: While the association between hypoglycaemia and poor outcomes in diabetes is well established, it is unclear whether such an association is generalizable to those without diabetes. Methods: A total of 8497 participants free of cardiovascular disease and diabetes from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. We examined the relationship between baseline low (<80 mg/dL) and high (⩾126 mg/dL) fasting plasma glucose compared to normal levels (80–99 mg/dL). Results: Over a median follow-up of 14 years, 2101 deaths occurred, of which 570 were due to cardiovascular disease. In a model adjusted for sociodemographic and cardiovascular disease risk factors, individuals with low fasting plasma glucose were at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality [hazard ratio = 1.79 (95% confidence interval = 1.04–3.08) and hazard ratio = 1.35 (95% confidence interval = 1.02–1.78), respectively], compared to those with normal fasting plasma glucose. These associations were stronger among men than women for both cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality. Conclusion: Low fasting plasma glucose in individuals without diabetes is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, especially in men.

Increased Risk of Affective Disorders in Males after Second Trimester Prenatal Exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–45

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Brown ◽  
Ezra S. Susser ◽  
Shang P. Lin ◽  
Richard Neugebauer ◽  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Famine Exposure ◽  
Prenatal Famine

BackgroundPrenatal and perinatal factors have been linked to affective disorders. We therefore undertook an exploratory study to determine whether prenatal exposure to severe famine was associated with an increased risk of affective disorders.MethodMonthly birth cohorts that were exposed and unexposed to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–45 were identified. The cumulative incidences of affective psychoses and neurotic depression (ICD–9 criteria) were compared between exposed and unexposed cohorts during each trimester of gestation.ResultsThe relative risk (RR) of affective psychosis (broad and restricted definitions) among persons exposed to famine during the second trimester was significantly increased (broad: RR (95% confidence interval) = 1.62 (1.19, 2.20); restricted: 1.59 (1.14, 2.21)). Separate analysis by gender showed a significant association among males (broad: 2.26 (1.43, 3.57); restricted: 2.40 (1.49, 3.89)), but not females (broad: 1.28 (0.84, 1.94); restricted: 1.17 (0.73, 1.86)). The risk of neurotic depression was not increased after prenatal famine exposure.ConclusionsThese results suggest a possible relationship between prenatal famine during the second trimester and affective psychosis, lending plausibility to reports that have associated affective psychoses with prenatal exposures. Further studies of this relationship are warranted.

Antecedents of Schizophrenia and Affective Illness Obstetric Complications

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 (6) ◽  
pp. 734-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Sacker ◽  
D. John Done ◽  
Timothy J. Crow ◽  
Jean Golding
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Obstetric Complications ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Obstetric History ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mortality Survey ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Examination

BackgroundThis exploratory study seeks to generate new hypotheses about the relationship between obstetric complications and schizophrenia.MethodThe British Perinatal Mortality Survey represents 98% of all births during one week in March 1958 in Great Britain. Present State Examination (PSE), Catego diagnoses of narrowly defined schizophrenia (n = 49), broadly defined schizophrenia (n = 79), affective psychosis (n = 44) and neurosis (n = 93) were derived from case notes for all cohort members. The remainder of the cohort, surviving the perinatal period, acted as controls (n = 16 812). Variables in the British Perinatal Mortality Survey were grouped into five categories: the physique/lifestyle of the mother (including demographic characteristics), her obstetric history, the current pregnancy, the delivery and the condition of the baby.ResultsThere were 7/17 significant differences in maternal physique/lifestyle and obstetric history between the births of schizophrenics and controls, compared to 4/40 comparisons of somatic variables relating to pregnancy, birth and the condition of the baby. This compares with 4/17 and 7/40 for affective psychotics and a total of 4/57 differences for all categories of variables when neurotics were contrasted with controls.ConclusionsThe purported increased risk of obstetric complications in schizophrenics may result from the physique/lifestyle of their mothers.

scholarly journals Ten‐Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Trajectories by Obstetric History: A Longitudinal Study in the Norwegian HUNT Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Fraser ◽  
Amanda R. Markovitz ◽  
Eirin B. Haug ◽  
Julie Horn ◽  
Pål Richard Romundstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Obstetric Complications ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Background Women with a history of obstetric complications are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but whether they should be specifically targeted for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk screening is unknown. Methods and Results We used linked data from the Norwegian HUNT (Trøndelag Health) Study and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway to create a population‐based, prospective cohort of parous women. Using an established CVD risk prediction model (A Norwegian risk model for cardiovascular disease), we predicted 10‐year risk of CVD (nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease, and nonfatal or fatal stroke) based on established risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, total and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, antihypertensive use, and family history of myocardial infarction). Predicted 10‐year CVD risk scores in women aged between 40 and 60 years were consistently higher in those with a history of obstetric complications. For example, when aged 40 years, women with a history of preeclampsia had a 0.06 percentage point higher mean risk score than women with all normotensive deliveries, and when aged 60 years this difference was 0.86. However, the differences in the proportion of women crossing established clinical thresholds for counseling and treatment in women with and without a complication were modest. Conclusions Findings do not support targeting parous women with a history of pregnancy complications for CVD screening. However, pregnancy complications identify women who would benefit from primordial and primary prevention efforts such as encouraging and supporting behavioral changes to reduce CVD risk in later life.

scholarly journals Economic recession and cardiovascular disease among women: a cohort study from Eastern Finland

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482199025
Author(s):  
Rand Jarroch ◽  
Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen ◽  
Behnam Tajik ◽  
Jussi Kauhanen
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Increased Risk

Aims: Little is known about the effect of economic recessions on cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we investigated the association of the economic recession in Finland in the 1990s with the incidence of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older women. Methods: A total of 918 women aged 53–73 years were examined for health and socioeconomic position in 1998–2001, as part of the population-based prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The participants were asked whether Finland’s economic recession in the early 1990s had affected their lives socially or economically. The cohort was followed for 18 years, and incident physician-diagnosed cases of cardiovascular disease were obtained through record linkage with the national hospital discharge registry that covers every hospitalisation in Finland. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease among those with and without exposure to socioeconomic hardships during the recession, after adjusting for possible confounders. Results: At the baseline, 587 women reported having experienced socioeconomic hardships due to the recession. During the 20 years’ follow-up, 501 women developed cardiovascular disease. After adjustment for age, the risk of cardiovascular disease was 27% higher among women exposed to socioeconomic hardships compared to those who were not (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.53, P=0.012). Further adjustments for overall socioeconomic position at baseline, prior cardiovascular health, and lifestyle factors did not attenuate the association (hazard ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.5, P=0.029). Conclusions: The early 1990s economic recession was associated with a subsequently increased risk of cardiovascular disease among Finnish women.

Family Environment and Its Correlation with Anxiety and Depression: A Study on Heart Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Meena Jain ◽  
Saloni Chandalia
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Heart Attack ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Artery Disease

This research paper deals with the Family Environment and its Correlation with Anxiety and Depression level among persons with Heart Disease. There had been a number of researches that investigated that ischemic heart disease patients who suffer significant anxiety have close to a 5-fold increased risk of experiencing frequent angina and those with depression have more than a 3-fold increased risk for these episodes. This observed link between psychiatric symptoms and angina underlines the importance of treating anxiety and depression in cardiac patients, according to study co author Dr Mark D Sullivan (University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle). To gather the needed data, Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Becks Depression Inventory were used. As stated from literatures, for people with heart dysfunction, depression and anxiety can increase the risk of an adverse cardiac event such as a heart attack or blood clots. For people who do not have heart disease, depression and anxiety can also increase the risk of a heart attack and development of coronary artery disease. Researchers have also emphasized on the role of family psychosocial environment and its positive association with the Coronary Heart Disease risk.

Cardiovascular Complications of Sleep Disorders: A Better Night’s Sleep for a Healthier Heart / From Bench to Bedside

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora A. Manolis ◽  
Antonis A. Manolis ◽  
Evdoxia J. Apostolopoulos ◽  
Helen Melita ◽  
Antonis S. Manolis
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptor ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Meta Analyses

: Sleep is essential to and an integral part of life and when lacking or disrupted, a multitude of mental and physical pathologies ensue, including cardiovascular (CV) disease, which increases health care costs. Several prospective studies and meta-analyses show that insomnia, short (<7h) or long (>9h) sleep and other sleep disorders are associated with an increased risk of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, CV disease risk and/or mortality. The mechanisms by which insomnia and other sleep disorders lead to increased CV risk may encompass inflammatory, immunological, neuro-autonomic, endocrinological, genetic and microbiome perturbations. Guidelines are emerging that recommend a target of >7 h of sleep for all adults >18 years for optimal CV health. Treatment of sleep disorders includes cognitive-behavioral therapy considered the mainstay of non-pharmacologic management of chronic insomnia, and drug treatment with benzodiazepine receptor agonists binding to gamma aminobutyric acid type A (benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine agents) and some antidepressants. However, observational studies and meta-analyses indicate an increased mortality risk of anxiolytics and hypnotics, although bias may be involved due to confounding and high heterogeneity in these studies. Nevertheless, it seems that the risk incurred by the non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agents (Z drugs) may be relatively less than the risk of anxiolytics, with evidence indicating that at least one of these agents, zolpidem, may even confer a lower risk of mortality in adjusted models. All these issues are herein reviewed.

Factors that contribute to urban–rural gradients in risk of schizophrenia: Comparing Danish and Western Australian registers

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110096
Author(s):  
Oleguer Plana-Ripoll ◽  
Patsy Di Prinzio ◽  
John J McGrath ◽  
Preben B Mortensen ◽  
Vera A Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Indigenous Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Western Australian

Introduction: An association between schizophrenia and urbanicity has long been observed, with studies in many countries, including several from Denmark, reporting that individuals born/raised in densely populated urban settings have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia compared to those born/raised in rural settings. However, these findings have not been replicated in all studies. In particular, a Western Australian study showed a gradient in the opposite direction which disappeared after adjustment for covariates. Given the different findings for Denmark and Western Australia, our aim was to investigate the relationship between schizophrenia and urbanicity in these two regions to determine which factors may be influencing the relationship. Methods: We used population-based cohorts of children born alive between 1980 and 2001 in Western Australia ( N = 428,784) and Denmark ( N = 1,357,874). Children were categorised according to the level of urbanicity of their mother’s residence at time of birth and followed-up through to 30 June 2015. Linkage to State-based registers provided information on schizophrenia diagnosis and a range of covariates. Rates of being diagnosed with schizophrenia for each category of urbanicity were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for covariates. Results: During follow-up, 1618 (0.4%) children in Western Australia and 11,875 (0.9%) children in Denmark were diagnosed with schizophrenia. In Western Australia, those born in the most remote areas did not experience lower rates of schizophrenia than those born in the most urban areas (hazard ratio = 1.02 [95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.29]), unlike their Danish counterparts (hazard ratio = 0.62 [95% confidence interval: 0.58, 0.66]). However, when the Western Australian cohort was restricted to children of non-Aboriginal Indigenous status, results were consistent with Danish findings (hazard ratio = 0.46 [95% confidence interval: 0.29, 0.72]). Discussion: Our study highlights the potential for disadvantaged subgroups to mask the contribution of urban-related risk factors to risk of schizophrenia and the importance of stratified analysis in such cases.

scholarly journals Long term alterations of growth after antenatal steroids in preterm twin pregnancies

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Braun ◽  
Vivien Filleböck ◽  
Boris Metze ◽  
Christoph Bührer ◽  
Andreas Plagemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Ponderal Index ◽  
Childhood Growth ◽  
Antenatal Steroids ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the long-term effects of antenatal betamethasone (ANS, ≤16 mg, =24 mg and >24 mg) in twins on infant and childhood growth.MethodsA retrospective cohort follow up study among 198 twins after ANS including three time points: U1 first neonatal examination after birth and in the neonatal period; U7 examination from the 21st to the 24th month of life and U9 examination from the 60th to the 64th month of life using data from copies of the children’s examination booklets. Inclusion criteria are twin pregnancies with preterm labor, cervical shortening, preterm premature rupture of membranes, or vaginal bleeding, and exposure to ANS between 23+5 and 33+6 weeks. Outcome measures are dosage-dependent and sex-specific effects of ANS on growth (body weight, body length, head circumference, body mass index and ponderal index) up to 5.3 years.ResultsOverall, 99 live-born twin pairs were included. Negative effects of ANS on fetal growth persisted beyond birth, altered infant and childhood growth, independent of possible confounding factors. Overall weight percentile significantly decreased between infancy and early childhood by 18.8%. Birth weight percentiles significantly changed in a dose dependent and sex specific manner, most obviously in female-female and mixed pairs. The ponderal index significantly decreased up to 42.9%, BMI index increased by up to 33.8%.ConclusionsANS results in long-term alterations in infant and childhood growth. Changes between infancy and early childhood in ponderal mass index and BMI, independent of dose or twin pair structure, might indicate an ANS associated increased risk for later life disease.SynopsisFirst-time report on long-term ANS administration growth effects in twin pregnancies, showing persisting alterations beyond birth in infant and childhood growth up to 5.3 years as potential indicator of later life disease risk.

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