Age at onset and familial risk for major depression in a Swedish national twin sample

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1573-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH S. KENDLER ◽  
MARGARET GATZ ◽  
CHARLES O. GARDNER ◽  
NANCY L. PEDERSEN
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background. In many biomedical disorders, early age at onset (AAO) is an index of high liability to illness which is manifest by an increased risk of illness in relatives. Most but not all prior studies report such a pattern for major depression (MD).Method. Lifetime MD and AAO were assessed at personal interview using modified DSM-III-R criteria in 13864 twin pairs, including 4229 onsets of MD, from the Swedish National Twin Registry. Analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models.Results. Controlling for year of birth, gender, zygosity, co-twin history of MD and the interaction of zygosity and co-twin history, the best-fit model showed a significant main effect and a quadratic effect of AAO of MD in the co-twin on the log hazard ratio for MD in the index twin. When examined together, these effects predicted that from the ages of 15 to ~35 years, AAO of MD is moderately negatively related to risk of illness in relatives. However, past age 35, the function flattens out, with little change of risk in relatives with further increases of AAO. Even when the co-twin had a late AAO, the risk in the index twin substantially exceeded that seen when the co-twin had no history of MD.Conclusion. In this large sample, AAO is a meaningful, albeit modest, index of familial liability to MD. The relationship is nonlinear and results largely from an increased liability in individuals with an early AAO. These results should be interpreted in the context of the limitations of long-term recall.

Faster Transport Status and Mortality in Anuric Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Xiong ◽  
Li Fan ◽  
Qingdong Xu ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
Huiyan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: There are limited data regarding the relationship between transport status and mortality in anuric continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Methods: According to the dialysate to plasma creatinine ratio (D/P Cr), 292 anuric CAPD patients were stratified to faster (D/P Cr ≥0.65) and slower transport groups (D/P Cr <0.65). The Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association of transport status with mortality. Results: During a median follow-up of 22.1 months, 24% patients died, 61.4% of them due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Anuric patients with faster transport were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR (95% CI) = 2.16 (1.09-4.26)), but not cardiovascular mortality, after adjustment for confounders. Faster transporters with pre-existing CVD had a greater risk for death compared to those without any history of CVD. Conclusion: Faster transporters were independently associated with high all-cause mortality in anuric CAPD patients. This association was strengthened in patients with pre-existing CVD.

scholarly journals Distinct eGFR trajectories are associated with risk of myocardial infarction in people with diabetes or pre-diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingting Zuo ◽  
Anxin Wang ◽  
Shuohua Chen ◽  
Xue Tian ◽  
Shouling Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Incident Cases

Abstract Background The relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) trajectories and myocardial infarction (MI) remains unclear in people with diabetes or prediabetes. We aimed to identify common eGFR trajectories in people with diabetes or prediabetes and to examine their association with MI risk. Methods The data of this analysis was derived from the Kailuan study, which was a prospective community-based cohort study. The eGFR trajectories of 24,723 participants from year 2006 to 2012 were generated by latent mixture modeling. Incident cases of MI occurred during 2012 to 2017, confirmed by review of medical records. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the subsequent risk of MI of different eGFR trajectories. Results We identified 5 distinct eGFR trajectories, and named them as low-stable (9.4%), moderate-stable (31.4%), moderate-increasing (29.5%), high-decreasing (13.9%) and high-stable (15.8%) according to their range and pattern. During a mean follow-up of 4.61 years, there were a total of 235 incident MI. Although, the high-decreasing group had similar eGFR levels with the moderate-stable group at last exposure period, the risk was much higher (adjusted HR, 3.43; 95%CI, 1.56–7.54 versus adjusted HR, 2.82; 95%CI, 1.34–5.95). Notably, the moderate-increasing group had reached to the normal range, still had a significantly increased risk (adjusted HR, 2.55; 95%CI, 1.21–5.39). Conclusions eGFR trajectories were associated with MI risk in people with diabetes or prediabetes. Emphasis should be placed on early and long-term detection and control of eGFR decreases to further reduce MI risk.

scholarly journals History of premorbid depression is a risk factor for COVID-related mortality: Analysis of a retrospective cohort of 1,387 COVID+ patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Clouston ◽  
Benjamin J Luft ◽  
Edward Sun
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Related Mortality

Background: The goal of the present work was to examine risk factors for mortality in a 1,387 COVID+ patients admitted to a hospital in Suffolk County, NY. Methods: Data were collated by the hospital epidemiological service for patients admitted from 3/7/2020-9/1/2020. Time until final discharge or death was the outcome. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate time until death among admitted patients. Findings: In total, 99.06% of cases had resolved leading to 1,179 discharges and 211 deaths. Length of stay was significantly longer in those who died as compared to those who did not p=0.007). Of patients who had been discharged (n=1,179), 54 were readmitted and 9 subsequently died. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression revealed that in addition to older age, male sex, and heart failure, a history of premorbid depression was a risk factor for COVI-19 mortality. Interpretation: While an increasing number of studies have shown effects linking cardiovascular risk factors with increased risk of mortality in COVID+ patients, this study reports that history of depression is a risk factor for COVID mortality.

scholarly journals Migraine and the risk of incident hypertension among women

Cephalalgia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1817-1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela M Rist ◽  
Anke C Winter ◽  
Julie E Buring ◽  
Howard D Sesso ◽  
Tobias Kurth
Keyword(s):  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Past History ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Background Few studies have examined whether migraine is associated with an increased risk of incident hypertension. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study among 29,040 women without hypertension at baseline. Women were classified as having active migraine with aura, active migraine without aura, a past history of migraine, or no history of migraine. Incident hypertension was defined as new physician diagnosis or newly self-reported systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or ≥90 mmHg respectively. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between migraine and incident hypertension. Results During a mean follow-up of 12.2 years, 15,176 incident hypertension cases occurred. Compared to those with no history of migraine, women who experience migraine with aura had a 9% increase in their risk of developing hypertension (95% CI: 1.02, 1.18); women who experience migraine without aura had a 21% increase in their risk of developing hypertension (95% CI: 1.14, 1.28); and women with a past history of migraine had a 15% increase in their risk of developing hypertension (95% CI: 1.07, 1.23). Conclusions Women with migraine have a higher relative risk of developing hypertension compared to women without migraine.

scholarly journals The Association Between Serum Liver Enzymes And Cancer Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somaya Albhaisi ◽  
Rehan Qayyum
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Interpreting levels of liver enzymes is often challenging because they may be influenced by metabolic processes beyond the liver. Given their pathophysiologic roles in inflammation and oxidative stress, higher levels of these enzymes may be associated with increased risk of mortality. However, studies have found inconsistent results. Thus, we examined the association of liver enzymes levels with cancer mortality in the general U.S. adult population. METHODS: We used the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2016. Kaplan-Meier survival curve comparisons were examined across quartiles of liver enzymes. Cox proportional hazards models were built to examine the relationship between cancer mortality and liver enzymes quartiles without and with adjustment for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: During the 338,882 person-years follow-up, 1059 participants had cancer-related deaths. There was a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST) levels and cancer mortality. There was no relationship between cancer mortality and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), however, each 10 IU/L increase in GGT after median was associated with 1% higher mortality risk (HR=1.01; 95% CI=1.00, 1.02; P=0.001). Only subjects with high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) had higher cancer mortality (HR=1.63; 95CI=1.30, 2.05; P<0.001 and HR=1.52; 95%CI=1.20, 1.94; P=0.001 respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Only the lowest and highest serum ALT and AST levels are associated with increased cancer mortality. For ALP, the relationship is present at higher levels. The association with GGT was not robust to different analyses. The mechanisms underlying the observed relationships need further exploration.

scholarly journals The importance of social activity to risk of major depression in older adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Euijung Ryu ◽  
Gregory D. Jenkins ◽  
Yanshan Wang ◽  
Mark Olfson ◽  
Ardesheer Talati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Related ◽  
History Of ◽  
Icd Codes

Abstract Background Several social determinants of health (SDoH) have been associated with the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, prior studies largely focused on individual SDoH and thus less is known about the relative importance (RI) of SDoH variables, especially in older adults. Given that risk factors for MDD may differ across the lifespan, we aimed to identify the SDoH that was most strongly related to newly diagnosed MDD in a cohort of older adults. Methods We used self-reported health-related survey data from 41 174 older adults (50–89 years, median age = 67 years) who participated in the Mayo Clinic Biobank, and linked ICD codes for MDD in the participants' electronic health records. Participants with a history of clinically documented or self-reported MDD prior to survey completion were excluded from analysis (N = 10 938, 27%). We used Cox proportional hazards models with a gradient boosting machine approach to quantify the RI of 30 pre-selected SDoH variables on the risk of future MDD diagnosis. Results Following biobank enrollment, 2073 older participants were diagnosed with MDD during the follow-up period (median duration = 6.7 years). The most influential SDoH was perceived level of social activity (RI = 0.17). Lower level of social activity was associated with a higher risk of MDD [hazard ratio = 2.27 (95% CI 2.00–2.50) for highest v. lowest level]. Conclusion Across a range of SDoH variables, perceived level of social activity is most strongly related to MDD in older adults. Monitoring changes in the level of social activity may help identify older adults at an increased risk of MDD.

scholarly journals PM2.5 and Diabetes in the Japanese Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6653
Author(s):  
Mihye Lee ◽  
Sachiko Ohde
Keyword(s):  
Hemoglobin A1c ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Glycated Hemoglobin ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

Growing evidence suggests that PM2.5 is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Although DM is a major public health concern, there has not yet been a study of this association in Japan. We used health examination data from 66,885 individuals in Tokyo, Japan 2005–2019. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate an association between annual exposure to PM2.5 and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), or fasting plasma glucose (FPG). An increase of 1 μg/m3 in the annual average of PM2.5 concentration was associated (HR = 1.029; 95% CI = 1.004–1.055) with an increase in diabetes (incident + prevalent). For incident DM, a greater PM2.5 level was associated with more DM (HR = 1.029; 95% CI, 1.003–1.055). Compared to HbA1c, FPG showed a stronger association with the annual exposure to PM2.5 (HR = 1.065; 95% CI, 1.040–1.091). We found that greater exposure to PM2.5 in the long-term was associated with an increased risk of diabetes, and that the magnitude of association became stronger as the exposure duration increased. Omorogieva Ojo

Factors that contribute to urban–rural gradients in risk of schizophrenia: Comparing Danish and Western Australian registers

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110096
Author(s):  
Oleguer Plana-Ripoll ◽  
Patsy Di Prinzio ◽  
John J McGrath ◽  
Preben B Mortensen ◽  
Vera A Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Indigenous Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Western Australian

Introduction: An association between schizophrenia and urbanicity has long been observed, with studies in many countries, including several from Denmark, reporting that individuals born/raised in densely populated urban settings have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia compared to those born/raised in rural settings. However, these findings have not been replicated in all studies. In particular, a Western Australian study showed a gradient in the opposite direction which disappeared after adjustment for covariates. Given the different findings for Denmark and Western Australia, our aim was to investigate the relationship between schizophrenia and urbanicity in these two regions to determine which factors may be influencing the relationship. Methods: We used population-based cohorts of children born alive between 1980 and 2001 in Western Australia ( N = 428,784) and Denmark ( N = 1,357,874). Children were categorised according to the level of urbanicity of their mother’s residence at time of birth and followed-up through to 30 June 2015. Linkage to State-based registers provided information on schizophrenia diagnosis and a range of covariates. Rates of being diagnosed with schizophrenia for each category of urbanicity were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for covariates. Results: During follow-up, 1618 (0.4%) children in Western Australia and 11,875 (0.9%) children in Denmark were diagnosed with schizophrenia. In Western Australia, those born in the most remote areas did not experience lower rates of schizophrenia than those born in the most urban areas (hazard ratio = 1.02 [95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.29]), unlike their Danish counterparts (hazard ratio = 0.62 [95% confidence interval: 0.58, 0.66]). However, when the Western Australian cohort was restricted to children of non-Aboriginal Indigenous status, results were consistent with Danish findings (hazard ratio = 0.46 [95% confidence interval: 0.29, 0.72]). Discussion: Our study highlights the potential for disadvantaged subgroups to mask the contribution of urban-related risk factors to risk of schizophrenia and the importance of stratified analysis in such cases.

scholarly journals Elevated plasma growth and differentiation factor 15 predicts incident anemia in older adults aged 60 years and older

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Yamaguchi ◽  
Marta Zampino ◽  
Toshiko Tanaka ◽  
Stefania Bandinelli ◽  
Yusuke Osawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Differentiation Factor ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Anemia is common in older adults and associated with greater morbidity and mortality. The causes of anemia in older adults have not been completely characterized. Although elevated circulating growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has been associated with anemia in older adults, it is not known whether elevated GDF-15 predicts the development of anemia. Methods We examined the relationship between plasma GDF-15 concentrations at baseline in 708 non-anemic adults, aged 60 years and older, with incident anemia during 15 years of follow-up among participants in the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) Study. Results During follow-up, 179 (25.3%) participants developed anemia. The proportion of participants who developed anemia from the lowest to highest quartile of plasma GDF-15 was 12.9%, 20.1%, 21.2%, and 45.8%, respectively. Adults in the highest quartile of plasma GDF-15 had an increased risk of developing anemia (Hazards Ratio 1.15, 95% Confidence Interval 1.09, 1.21, P&lt;.0001) compared to those in the lower three quartiles in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, sex, serum iron, soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin, vitamin B12, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Conclusions Circulating GDF-15 is an independent predictor for the development of anemia in older adults.

scholarly journals Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Status and Breast Cancer Risk: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1177
Author(s):  
In Young Choi ◽  
Sohyun Chun ◽  
Dong Wook Shin ◽  
Kyungdo Han ◽  
Keun Hye Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Screening Program ◽  
Design And Methods

Objective: To our knowledge, no studies have yet looked at how the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) varies with changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) status. This study aimed to investigate the association between changes in MetS and subsequent BC occurrence. Research Design and Methods: We enrolled 930,055 postmenopausal women aged 40–74 years who participated in a biennial National Health Screening Program in 2009–2010 and 2011–2012. Participants were categorized into four groups according to change in MetS status during the two-year interval screening: sustained non-MetS, transition to MetS, transition to non-MetS, and sustained MetS. We calculated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BC incidence using the Cox proportional hazards models. Results: At baseline, MetS was associated with a significantly increased risk of BC (aHR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06–1.17) and so were all of its components. The risk of BC increased as the number of the components increased (aHR 1.46, 95% CI 1.26–1.61 for women with all five components). Compared to the sustained non-MetS group, the aHR (95% CI) for BC was 1.11 (1.04–1.19) in the transition to MetS group, 1.05 (0.96–1.14) in the transition to non-MetS group, and 1.18 (1.12–1.25) in the sustained MetS group. Conclusions: Significantly increased BC risk was observed in the sustained MetS and transition to MetS groups. These findings are clinically meaningful in that efforts to recover from MetS may lead to reduced risk of BC.

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