scholarly journals Smoking cessation is associated with lower rates of mood/anxiety and alcohol use disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2523-2535 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Cavazos-Rehg ◽  
N. Breslau ◽  
D. Hatsukami ◽  
M. J. Krauss ◽  
E. L. Spitznagel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Mental Health Disorder ◽  
Smoking Reduction ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Regression Adjustment

BackgroundThe psychological outcomes that accompany smoking cessation are not yet conclusive but positive outcomes could help to persuade quitting.MethodWe used data from the longitudinal National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between cigarette smoking reduction and Wave 2 status of addiction/mental health disorder among daily smokers at Wave 1, stratified by status of the diagnosis of interest at Wave 1. We adjusted for differences in baseline covariates between smokers with different levels of smoking reduction between Wave 1 and Wave 2 using propensity score regression adjustment.ResultsAfter adjusting for propensity scores and other mental health/addiction co-morbidities at Wave 2, among daily smokers who had current or lifetime history diagnosis of the outcome of interest at Wave 1, quitting by Wave 2 predicted a decreased risk of mood/anxiety disorder [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4–0.9] and alcohol disorder (aOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.99) at Wave 2. Among daily smokers with no lifetime history diagnosis of the outcome of interest at Wave 1, quitting smoking by Wave 2 predicted a decreased risk of drug use disorder at Wave 2 (aOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–0.9).ConclusionsThere is no support in our data for the concern that smoking cessation would result in smokers' increased risk of some mental disorders. To the contrary, our data suggest that smoking cessation is associated with risk reduction for mood/anxiety or alcohol use disorder, even among smokers who have had a pre-existing disorder.

Occupational stress in Remotely Piloted Aircraft System operators

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Phillips ◽  
D Sherwood ◽  
N Greenberg ◽  
N Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Occupational Functioning ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft System ◽  
Aircraft System

Abstract Background Although there is currently little research data to support the contention, concerns have been raised about possible traumatic stressors inherent to Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) operator roles. Factors such as exposure to visually traumatic events compounded by long working hours and blurred boundaries between military and civilian life have been cited as potential stressors. Robust research into the well-being of RPAS operators is scarce and mostly samples US personnel. Aims To provide mental health and well-being data relating to UK RPAS operators. Methods UK RPAS operators completed mental health questionnaires to assess levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression symptoms, alcohol use and occupational functioning. Respondents were also asked about work patterns. Results Forty-one per cent of the sample reported potentially hazardous alcohol use. Ten per cent met psychiatric symptom criteria for moderate or severe anxiety, and 20% for moderate depressive symptoms. While there were no cases of probable PTSD, 30% of the sample reported sub-clinical PTSD symptoms likely to impair occupational functioning. Overall, 70% of the sample reported that psychological symptoms significantly impaired their functioning. Conclusions Compared to UK military sub-groups, RPAS operators were not at increased risk of mental health problems. However, a high proportion of the sample reported significant functional impairment, which has not been explored in other comparable studies. The most frequently highlighted work-related stressors were timing of RPAS work and operator shift patterns.

Tobacco smoking and the risk of heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagfinn Aune ◽  
Sabrina Schlesinger ◽  
Teresa Norat ◽  
Elio Riboli
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers

Background We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the association between smoking and the risk of developing heart failure. Methods PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to 24 July 2018. Prospective studies were included if they reported adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of heart failure associated with smoking. Summary RRs and 95% CIs were estimated using a random effects model. Results Twenty-six studies were included. The summary RR was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.54–1.99, I2 = 81%, n = 10) for current smokers, 1.16 (95% CI: 1.08–1.24, I2 = 51%, n = 9) for former smokers, and 1.44 (1.34–1.55, I2 = 83%, n = 10) for ever smokers compared with never smokers. The summary RR was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.01–1.96, I2 = 82%, n = 2) per 10 cigarettes per day, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.18, I2 = 70%, n = 3) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02–1.14, I2 = 34%, n = 2) per 10 pack-years among ever smokers and former smokers, respectively, and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63–1.00, I2 = 96%, n = 2) per 10 years since quitting smoking. The association between smoking cessation and heart failure reached significance at 15 years of smoking cessation, and at 30 years the summary RR was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.57–0.90), only slightly higher than the summary RR for never smokers (0.64 (95% CI: 0.57–0.72)) when compared with current smokers. Conclusion Smoking is associated with increased risk of heart failure, but the risk decreases with increasing duration since smoking cessation. Any further studies should investigate the association between number of cigarettes per day, duration, pack-years and time since quitting smoking and risk of heart failure.

scholarly journals Age at entry to UK military service and long-term mental health

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjmilitary-2021-001786
Author(s):  
Beverly P Bergman ◽  
DF Mackay ◽  
NT Fear ◽  
JP Pell
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Mental Health Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Outcomes ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Uk

IntroductionIt has been suggested that ‘junior entry’ to the UK Armed Forces (prior to age 17.5 years) increases the risk of adverse mental health outcomes. We used data from a large cohort of veterans to examine long-term mental health outcomes in veterans by age at entry to the UK Armed Forces, compared with non-veterans.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of 78 157 veterans in Scotland, born between 1945 and 1995 and and 252 637 matched non-veterans, with up to 37 years follow-up, using Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between veteran status and cumulative risk of major mental health disorder, stratified by birth cohort, and age at recruitment for the veterans.ResultsThe risk of mental health disorder in the veterans increased with age at entry, ranging from HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.18, p<0.001 for junior entrants to HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.80, p<0.001 for those aged 20–25 years at entry. The pattern was most marked for veterans born before 1960, and age at recruitment had little impact in recent birth cohorts. Post-traumatic stress disorder accounted for most of the observed differences. Younger age at recruitment was associated with longer service, median 7.4 years (IQR 3.0–14.7) compared with 5.6 years (IQR 2.1–11.7) for entrants aged 20–25 years.ConclusionWe found no evidence that early recruitment is associated with adverse impact on long-term mental health. Paradoxically, it was veterans who entered service at age 20–25 years who demonstrated increased risk, although this attenuated in more recent birth cohorts.

Practices and Perceptions of Mental Health Counselors in Addressing Smoking Cessation

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Sidani ◽  
James Price ◽  
Joseph Dake ◽  
Timothy Jordan ◽  
Joy Price
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Mental Health Counselors ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Cessation Intervention ◽  
Quitting Smoking

This study sought to examine the practices and perceptions of clinical mental health counselors in addressing smoking cessation with clients. A survey instrument was mailed to 700 clinical members of the American Mental Health Counselors Association. Of those who responded (n=330; 53.1% response rate), the majority (58.9%) had not considered asking all clients about their smoking status at every visit. Counselors reported low use of the guidelines for smoking cessation intervention and for recommending pharmacotherapy. Levels of both efficacy and outcome expectations were significantly higher among counselors who reported regular use of smoking cessation interventions. Although 86.7% of counselors reported high confidence in assisting their clients in quitting smoking, there is a dearth of professional training for this.

scholarly journals Smoking and diabetes: dangerous liaisons and confusing relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Campagna ◽  
A. Alamo ◽  
A. Di Pino ◽  
C. Russo ◽  
A. E. Calogero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The combined harmful effects of cigarette smoking and hyperglycemia can accelerate vascular damage in patients with diabetes who smoke, as is well known. Can smoking cause diabetes? What are the effects of smoking on macro and microvascular complications? Now growing evidence indicates that regular smokers are at risk of developing incident diabetes. Since the prevalence rates of smoking in patients with diabetes are relatively similar to those of the general population, it is essential to address the main modifiable risk factor of smoking to prevent the onset of diabetes and delay the development of its complications. Quitting smoking shows clear benefits in terms of reducing or slowing the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Does quitting smoking decrease the incidence of diabetes and its progression? What are the effects of quitting smoking on complications? The current evidence does not seem to unequivocally suggest a positive role for quitting in patients with diabetes. Quitting smoking has also been shown to have a negative impact on body weight, glycemic control and subsequent increased risk of new-onset diabetes. Moreover, its role on microvascular complications of the disease is unclear. What are the current smoking cessation treatments, and which ones are better for patients with diabetes? Stopping smoking may be of value for diabetes prevention and management of the disease and its macrovascular and microvascular complications. Unfortunately, achieving long-lasting abstinence is not easy and novel approaches for managing these patients are needed. This narrative review examines the evidence on the impact of smoking and smoking cessation in patients with diabetes and particularly in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. In addition, management options and potential future directions will be discussed.

scholarly journals Abortion, substance abuse and mental health in early adulthood: Thirteen-year longitudinal evidence from the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205031211666599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Paul Sullins
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Health Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk

Objective: To examine the links between pregnancy outcomes (birth, abortion, or involuntary pregnancy loss) and mental health outcomes for US women during the transition into adulthood to determine the extent of increased risk, if any, associated with exposure to induced abortion. Method: Panel data on pregnancy history and mental health history for a nationally representative cohort of 8005 women at (average) ages 15, 22, and 28 years from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health were examined for risk of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, cannabis abuse, and nicotine dependence by pregnancy outcome (birth, abortion, and involuntary pregnancy loss). Risk ratios were estimated for time-dynamic outcomes from population-averaged longitudinal logistic and Poisson regression models. Results: After extensive adjustment for confounding, other pregnancy outcomes, and sociodemographic differences, abortion was consistently associated with increased risk of mental health disorder. Overall risk was elevated 45% (risk ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.30–1.62; p < 0.0001). Risk of mental health disorder with pregnancy loss was mixed, but also elevated 24% (risk ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.37; p < 0.0001) overall. Birth was weakly associated with reduced mental disorders. One-eleventh (8.7%; 95% confidence interval, 6.0–11.3) of the prevalence of mental disorders examined over the period were attributable to abortion. Conclusion: Evidence from the United States confirms previous findings from Norway and New Zealand that, unlike other pregnancy outcomes, abortion is consistently associated with a moderate increase in risk of mental health disorders during late adolescence and early adulthood.

scholarly journals Brief Mental Health Disorder Screening Questionnaires and Use with Public Safety Personnel: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3743
Author(s):  
Robyn E. Shields ◽  
Stephanie Korol ◽  
R. Nicholas Carleton ◽  
Megan McElheran ◽  
Andrea M. Stelnicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Mental Health Disorder ◽  
Public Safety Personnel ◽  
Screening Questionnaires ◽  
Brief Screening ◽  
Safety Personnel

Brief mental health disorder screening questionnaires (SQs) are used by psychiatrists, physicians, researchers, psychologists, and other mental health professionals and may provide an efficient method to guide clinicians to query symptom areas requiring further assessment. For example, annual screening has been used to help identify military personnel who may need help. Nearly half (44.5%) of Canadian public safety personnel (PSP) screen positive for one or more mental health disorder(s); as such, regular mental health screenings for PSP may be a valuable way to support mental health. The following review was conducted to (1) identify existing brief mental health disorder SQs; (2) review empirical evidence of the validity of identified SQs; (3) identify SQs validated within PSP populations; and (4) recommend appropriately validated brief screening questionnaires for five common mental health disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive depression (MDD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use disorder). After reviewing the psychometric properties of the identified brief screening questionnaires, we recommend the following four brief screening tools for use with PSP: the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (screening for MDD and GAD), the Brief Panic Disorder Symptom Screen—Self-Report, the Short-Form Posttraumatic Checklist-5, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption.

scholarly journals Inequity in smoking cessation clinical trials testing pharmacotherapies: exclusion of smokers with mental health disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056843
Author(s):  
Saki Rubaiya Talukder ◽  
Julia M Lappin ◽  
Veronica Boland ◽  
Hayden McRobbie ◽  
Ryan James Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Mental Health Disorder ◽  
Trial Participation ◽  
Cochrane Reviews ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Randomised Controlled

ObjectivesPeople suffering from mental health disorder (MHDs) are often under-represented in clinical research though the reasons for their exclusion are rarely recorded. As they have higher rates of smoking and nicotine dependence, it is crucial that they are adequately represented in clinical trials of established pharmacotherapy interventions for smoking cessation. This review aims to examine the practice of excluding smokers with MHDs and reasons for such exclusion in clinical trials evaluating pharmacotherapy treatments for smoking cessation.Data sourceThe Cochrane database of systematic reviews was searched until September 2020 for reviews on smoking cessation using pharmacotherapies.Study selectionRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) within the selected Cochrane reviews were included.Data extractionConducted by one author and independently verified by three authors.Data synthesisWe included 279 RCTs from 13 Cochrane reviews. Of all studies, 51 (18.3%) explicitly excluded participants with any MHDs, 152 (54.5%) conditionally excluded based on certain MHD criteria and 76 (27.2%) provided insufficient information to ascertain either inclusion or exclusion. Studies of antidepressant medications used for smoking cessation were found to be 3.33 times more likely (95% CI 1.38 to 8.01, p=0.007) to conditionally exclude smokers with MHDs than explicitly exclude compared with studies of nicotine replacement therapy.ConclusionSmokers with MHDs are not sufficiently represented in RCTs examining the safety and effectiveness of smoking cessation medications. Greater access to clinical trial participation needs to be facilitated for this group to better address access to appropriate pharmacotherapeutic interventions in this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals Review: Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (25) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Chok Limsuwat ◽  
Shigeki Saito ◽  
Karin Halvorson
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Nicotine Patch ◽  
Nicotine Gum ◽  
First Line ◽  
Nicotine Replacement ◽  
Seizure Disorders ◽  
Nicotine Patches ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Quitting Smoking

Smoking is associated with numerous cancers and atherosclerosis. Smoking cessationhas substantial potential in reducing morbidity and mortality worldwide. The initial steps “5 A’s”(Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) should be applied in all patients. Behavioral counselingand pharmacotherapy are both effective, but the combination of the two is more effective thaneither alone. The first-line pharmacotherapy includes nicotine replacement, bupropion, andvarenicline. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) consists of long-active formulations, such asin a patch, and short-acting formulations such as in gum, lozenge, inhaler, and nasal spray. Ascompared to placebo, NRT increases the chances of quitting smoking. Nicotine replacementtherapy does not increase cardiovascular risk and is safe in patients with cardiovasculardisease. Sustained-release bupropion is more effective than nicotine patches and can becombined with nicotine patches. Buprenorphine is generally well tolerated, except that it lowersseizure threshold and is contraindicated in patients with seizure disorders. Varenicline alsosignificantly improves the success rate of smoking cessation. The latest evidence suggeststhat varenicline is not associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric or cardiovascularevents. In conclusion, the use of NRT (nicotine patch + nicotine gum/lozenge/inhaler/spray),bupropion (with NRT), or varenicline is strongly recommended for smoking cessation, unlessthey are contraindicated.

scholarly journals Associations between Harmful Experiences from Alcohol Use of Others and Mental Health in Korean Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4240
Author(s):  
Mi Ah Han
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Korean Adolescents ◽  
Increased Risk

This study assessed alcohol-induced harm to those not drinking and investigated its association with mental health in Korean adolescents. The 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2018) was used and 60,040 adolescents were analyzed. Harm from others’ alcohol consumption was assessed by four criteria: teasing in public places, being scared in public places, sleep problems, and unsafety of public places due to people drinking alcohol. Mental health included stress, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide. Harm reported due to the alcohol use of others was 5.8% for teasing in public places, 33.6% for being scared in public places, 5.6% for sleep problems, and 40.2% for unsafety of public places among total study participants. Experiences of teasing in public places due to people who drank alcohol were associated with an increased risk of stress, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Similarly, experiences of being scared in public places, sleep problems, and unsafety of public places due to people who drank alcohol were associated with poor mental health. In the stratified analysis, alcohol-induced harm was associated with poor mental health in both non-drinkers and drinkers. Harmful experiences from others’ alcohol consumption were associated with poor mental health among Korean adolescents.

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