The Account of Persia and Cyrus's Persian Education in Xenophon'sCyropaedia

2007 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Whidden
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Biographical Account

AbstractTheCyropaediais a biographical account of what Cyrus, the founder of the Persian Empire, knew in order to rule human beings. This essay focuses on Cyrus's twofold Persian education, which consisted of his conventional and heterodox educations. The former emphasized the rule of law, while the latter stressed the need for absolute rule by a single leader. In order to evaluate Cyrus's revolution, one must grasp the relative strengths and weaknesses of the Persian regime that educated him, especially in light of the impressive but short-lived empire he founded. In the end, theCyropaediaunfolds as a deeply ironic work. Despite Cyrus's prodigious wisdom, the empire he founded was for Xenophon neither unequivocally lasting nor good. In this sense, Xenophon's own knowledge rivals and supercedes that of Cyrus, insofar as Xenophon realized that wisdom is no match for the chaotic world of politics, a sobering and realistic outlook still applicable today.

scholarly journals Negotiating Love and Faith: Interfaith Marriage in Manado, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Rosdalina Bukido ◽  
Edi Gunawan ◽  
Djamila Usup ◽  
Hayat Hayat
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Interfaith Marriage ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
The Family ◽  
Interfaith Marriages

Interfaith marriages in people's lives have been practised in many areas in Indonesia, even if it's not legally registered. The rule of law in Indonesia does not accommodate interfaith marriages. When interfaith marriage happens, the registration system should follow marriage registration either at the KUA (office of religious affairs) for Muslims or in the Civil Registry office for other religions. This study aims to analyse the practice of interreligious marriage in Manado and how they maintain a good marital relationship between the spouse of different religions. This research employs a qualitative approach by collecting data through interviews with 30 informants who practice interfaith marriages in Manado. The results of this research found that many people in Manado consider interfaith marriage as permissible. They argue that religion is a relationship between humans and God, while marriage is related to human beings. The family of different religions based their relationship on the principle of "Torang Samua Basudara" (we are bound through kinship). Based on this principle, the family avoids using religious symbols in their communication that can cause tension and disrupt harmony among family members. The principle of torang samua basudara is the basis for establishing good communication in the family.

The Causes and Enlightenment of Chinese Cultural Revolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yan Sheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Chinese Cultural Revolution ◽  
The Right

China’s cultural revolution, which took place in the 20th century, is bound to be one of the major historical events in Chinese history due to its long duration, great destruction and far-reaching influence.The debate on the right and wrong of the Chinese cultural revolution has been going on till today.There is a consensus on the depth of its lessons, but it is difficult to get a consensus on its formation and reflection.This paper analyzes the causes of the Chinese cultural revolution from the perspective of history, culture and system, and analyzes the ways to avoid the recurrence of tragedy, so as to think and study the feasibility of the future construction of the rule of law and the harmonious development of human beings in China.

scholarly journals The Citizens’ Constitutional Rights Regarding Habitable and Wholesome Environment: Towards a Law State that Protects the Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Nyoman Satyayudha Dananjaya ◽  
Fuchikawa Kazuhiko
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights

This paper aims to examine the protection of the environment in Indonesia which is part of the realization of a law state that guarantees the constitutional rights of its citizens. It is a legal research that reviews Indonesian constitutional and statutory provisions, besides adding a comparative perspective from a Japanese Constitution and legal system. It is found that the concept of a law state in Indonesia does not specifically follow the concept of a law state like what is meant in “rechtsstaat” or “the rule of law”. It has peculiar characteristics which indeed seem to adopt the noble values ??of those two concepts which clearly confesses in the constitution along with the elements and characters stated in it. One of the most prominent characteristics of a law state is the recognition and protection of human rights. In the Indonesian Constitution 1945, human rights as the fundamental rights of human beings have been arranged and compiled which is legally legitimized become constitutional rights. Among human rights, rights related to the environment include essential rights in array of international human rights formulations. Article 28 letter H of the Indonesian Constitution 1945 expressly states the rights to habitable and wholesome environment for citizen. The protection form can be a normative arrangement in the constitution or in a formal juridical through legislation. Protection of citizens' constitutional rights related to the environment is faced with due process of environmental protection that requires consistency in order to achieve the intention and direction of the Indonesian law state itself.

scholarly journals BUILDING BETTER LAW: HOW DESIGN THINKING CAN HELP US BE BETTER LAWYERS, MEET NEW CHALLENGES, AND CREATE THE FUTURE OF LAW

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-59
Author(s):  
Susan Ursel
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Professional Contexts ◽  
Individual Service

The legal profession faces increasing challenges to the relevance, utility, and acceptance of law and the rule of law as tools of social organization that are important and essential to human beings. Often the issues which challenge law and legal systems seem perennial, obstinate, and intractable. In order to remain relevant to the societies it serves, the law needs to innovate. We need to find new ways of thinking about law as a human designed and deliberate system of social organization. In this context, adopting an innovation mindset is an important starting point. “Design thinking” offers us a description and practice of an innovation mindset that can be and is employed in a variety of professional contexts. This article is an introduction to design thinking, its challenges, and its possibilities for law. It postulates that in fact design thinking as a concept and as a set of techniques is particularly well suited for use in law, and that we actually employ many of its techniques already. The article argues that by bringing these techniques into sharper focus, we can both recognize how we are in some ways using them already, and more importantly, how they can be deployed in even more useful and innovative ways to “build better law” at all scales of the legal endeavour, from individual service to legal systems.

scholarly journals KANT ON HUMAN DIGNITY: A CRITICAL APPROACH -- KANT E A DIGNIDADE HUMANA: UMA INTERPRETAÇÃO CRÍTICA

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-512
Author(s):  
Antonio Pele
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Political Field ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Basic Characteristics

In this article, I intend to reframe and qualify Kant’s moral philosophy for the understanding human dignity. Some Kant’s formulas seem to grant to the human being an inherent and absolute worthiness, when they are read (often) in a very decontextualized way. To achieve this objective, I identify the basic characteristics we commonly attribute to the contemporary model of human dignity. This model has some expressions in the axiological field (inherent and absolute worth), and, at the same time, in the legal-political field (cornerstone of human rights and guiding principle of the Rule of law). I intend to see if we can find some of these latter characteristics in the mentioned usages that Kant gives to the term “dignity” and of formulas supposedly connected (“end in itself”, “autonomy”, “humanity”). When contextualizing these expressions, either in the motivations or in the results of Kant’s philosophy, I arrived to the conclusion that Kant was less concerned with the intrinsic worthiness of the human beings, than with establishing the authority of morality.Keywords: Categorical imperative. Human dignity. Humanity. Kant. Rights. 

scholarly journals Mediation as an Anthroposociocultural Value

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Petro PATSURKIVSKYY ◽  
◽  
Ruslana HAVRYLYUK ◽  
Illia YURIICHUK ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
A Value ◽  
Copernican Revolution ◽  
Joint Solution ◽  
Different Types

The article examines the phenomenon of mediation as a value of a developed civil society from the ideological and methodological positions of the anthroposociocultural approach. The general historical conditions of the emergence of mediation and its anthroposociocultural code, paradigmatic types of mediation and the most important properties of each of them are analyzed. The article reveals the value nature of mediation as a Copernican revolution in ideology and methods of constructive resolution of conflicts between individuals and their communities. The conclusions are substantiated that: mediation belongs to the genus of anthroposociocultural values as their qualitatively distinguished type; mediation is functionally related to fundamental universal human values - human rights, the rule of law and pluralistic democracy - as a tool for their protection by human beings themselves in the form of a joint solution of interpersonal conflicts by their own carriers with the help of professional mediators; modern science distinguishes at least two paradigmatically different types of mediation - traditional mediation and narrative mediation; mediation of the first type as a value is applied mainly to the solution of interpersonal conflicts, and mediation of the second type is mainly applied to the solution of conflicts between human communities in polyidentical societies.

Artificial Intelligence in International Arbitration

2020 ◽  
pp. 590-616
Author(s):  
Myriam Gicquello
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Naturalistic Decision Making ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
International Adjudication ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter assesses the introduction of artificial intelligence in international arbitration. The contention is that it would not only reinstate confidence in the arbitral system—from the perspective of the parties and the general public—and participate in the development of the rule of law, but also engage with broader systemic considerations in enhancing its legitimacy, fairness, and efficiency. Yet, before addressing the why, what, and how of this proposition, a definition of artificial intelligence is warranted. It should be noted at the outset that this concept has a variety of meanings. Despite the lack of consensus on its meaning, the chapter will thus treat artificial intelligence as encompassing both semi-autonomous and autonomous computer systems dedicated to assisting or replacing human beings in decision-making tasks. It presents the conclusions of two extensive research programs respectively dealing with the performance of statistical models and naturalistic decision-making. From that behavioural analysis, the introduction of artificial intelligence in international arbitration be discussed against the general considerations of international adjudication and the specific goals pertaining to international arbitration.

scholarly journals HAK ASASI MANUSIA DALAM ISLAM

TRANSFORMATIF ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Laila Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Right ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
The West ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
New Phase

<p>This article tries to describe the concept of Human Rights in the West and the response of   Islam to them. In its history, it was <em>Magna Charta   </em>in England that initiated the formulation of Human Rights in the West in 1512. Then It was followed by <em>The Bill of right </em>in 1689; <em>The American Declaration of Independence </em>in 1776; and <em>T</em><em>he French Declaration </em>in 1789 that resulted in <em>The rule of law</em>.  Human Rights entered a new phase after The United Nations had declared the International Human Rights in</p><p>1984, that is <em>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. </em>From that time on, Human Rights has become a global issue, continually discussed and responded to by many including Muslim scholars. In the West, the concept of Human Right is based merely on human values (anthropocentric) so that the responsibility is restricted to human beings.  Based  on  this,  this concept  is  different from  Islamic  concept  on  Human  Rights  because  the former is based on secular values  while the later is based on human values and divine values. Normatively, the idea of Human Rights is relevant to Islamic idea. The reason is that, based on their <em>fitrah </em>as creatures, human beings extremely expect the maintenance of their main needs (<em>Al- umur al-Daruriyyah</em>). Therefore, Human Rights are suitable with the purpose of syari’ah (<em>maqasid al-Syari</em>), that is to maintain religion, reason, heredity dan property.</p>

The Supreme Court of Israel: Present Trends and Concepts

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Meir Shamgar
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
The Individual

Our concepts and values are part and parcel of a philosophy broader than law, according to the expression used by Justice Robert Jackson in his description of the place of the Supreme Court as a unit in the complex and interdependent scheme of the democratic system of government. Drawing from the multitude of conceptions and ways of thought which characterize the Weltanschauung of the protagonists of a system of law based on the belief in the rights of the individual and in the rule of law, I would like to mention three aspeots and dwell on two of them in some detail. The first is represented by the evolutionary approach in the interpretation of the law; the second aspect is the permanent concern for judicial independence, and the third is transmuted into the ongoing mission of the court to enable human beings, as such, to confront the problems created by the effacing effects of modern society. The three above-mentioned aspects are separate but, in my opinion, not only do they overlap when we try to classify the phenomena representing them, but they are at least co-related and often even interdependent. Let us turn first of all to what I termed the evolutionary approach.

The Filtering Role of Crisis in the Constitution of Criminal Excuses

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Norm Enforcement ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
The Way ◽  
Moral Limits

This paper seeks to counter a currently popular account of criminal defences which holds that both excuses and justifications are characterised by the fact that the conduct of the actor is consistent with the standards to be expected of good citizens in the role inhabited by the actor. Its object is to restore due prominence to the role played by human frailty in core defences. The position will be advanced that a significant reason for this loss of prominence is that insufficient attention has been paid to the filtering role played by crisis. For both excuses and justifications crisis marks the moral limits within which a workable system of norm enforcement can be achieved. In each case it ensures defences are socially validated, although the nature of the validation differs according to the nature of the defence. With defences of reasonable reaction crisis helps mark the parameters of reasonableness and ensures respect for the rule of law. Crisis may also deprive individuals of their susceptibility to conform their behaviour to rules. Its major constitutive role in this regard is to ensure that this susceptibility is rooted in the characteristics of human beings generally rather the specific characteristics of the actor. In this way it gives moral focus to the way excuses may intrude simply because the state cannot reasonably demand any better, at the same time providing a mechanism for distinguishing true excuses from exemptions or defences of impaired capacity.

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