scholarly journals Old Facts, New Beginnings: Thinking with Arendt about Algorithmic Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Lisa Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Joint Decisions ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
New Beginnings

Abstract More and more decisions in our societies are made by algorithms. What are such decisions like, and how do they compare to human decision-making? I contrast central features of algorithmic decision-making with three key elements—plurality, natality, and judgment—of Hannah Arendt's political thought. In “Arendtian practices,” human beings come together as equals, exchange arguments, and make joint decisions, sometimes bringing something new into the world. With algorithmic decision-making taking over more and more areas of life, opportunities for “Arendtian practices” are under threat. Moreover, there is the danger that algorithms are tasked with decisions for which they are ill-suited. Analyzing the contrast with Arendt's thinking can be a starting point for delineating realms in which algorithmic decision-making should or should not be welcomed.

Leviathan on a Leash

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Fleming
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
The State ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World

States are commonly blamed for wars, called on to apologize, held liable for debts and reparations, bound by treaties, and punished with sanctions. But what does it mean to hold a state responsible as opposed to a government, a nation, or an individual leader? Under what circumstances should we assign responsibility to states rather than individuals? This book demystifies the phenomenon of state responsibility and explains why it is a challenging yet indispensable part of modern politics. Taking Thomas Hobbes' theory of the state as a starting point, the book presents a theory of state responsibility that sheds new light on sovereign debt, historical reparations, treaty obligations, and economic sanctions. Along the way, it overturns longstanding interpretations of Hobbes' political thought, explores how new technologies will alter the practice of state responsibility as we know it, and develops new accounts of political authority, representation, and legitimacy. The book argues that Hobbes' idea of the state offers a far richer and more realistic conception of state responsibility than the theories prevalent today and demonstrates that Hobbes' Leviathan is much more than an anthropomorphic “artificial man.” The book is essential reading for political theorists, scholars of international relations, international lawyers, and philosophers. It recovers a forgotten understanding of state personality in Hobbes' thought and shows how to apply it to the world of imperfect states in which we live.

scholarly journals Heuristics, biases and traps in managerial decision making

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 2117-2122
Author(s):  
Peter Gál ◽  
Miloš Mrva ◽  
Matej Meško
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Representativeness Heuristic ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the impact of heuristics, biases and psychological traps on the decision making. Heuristics are unconscious routines people use to cope with the complexity inherent in most decision situations. They serve as mental shortcuts that help people to simplify and structure the information encountered in the world. These heuristics could be quite useful in some situations, while in others they can lead to severe and systematic errors, based on significant deviations from the fundamental principles of statistics, probability and sound judgment. This paper focuses on illustrating the existence of the anchoring, availability, and representativeness heuristics, originally described by Tversky & Kahneman in the early 1970’s. The anchoring heuristic is a tendency to focus on the initial information, estimate or perception (even random or irrelevant number) as a starting point. People tend to give disproportionate weight to the initial information they receive. The availability heuristic explains why highly imaginable or vivid information have a disproportionate effect on people’s decisions. The representativeness heuristic causes that people rely on highly specific scenarios, ignore base rates, draw conclusions based on small samples and neglect scope. Mentioned phenomena are illustrated and supported by evidence based on the statistical analysis of the results of a questionnaire.

scholarly journals Algorithms as discrimination detectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30096-30100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Kleinberg ◽  
Jens Ludwig ◽  
Sendhil Mullainathan ◽  
Cass R. Sunstein
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Right

Preventing discrimination requires that we have means of detecting it, and this can be enormously difficult when human beings are making the underlying decisions. As applied today, algorithms can increase the risk of discrimination. But as we argue here, algorithms by their nature require a far greater level of specificity than is usually possible with human decision making, and this specificity makes it possible to probe aspects of the decision in additional ways. With the right changes to legal and regulatory systems, algorithms can thus potentially make it easier to detect—and hence to help prevent—discrimination.

The Study of Human Decision-Making: A Cautionary Tale from the World of Experimental Gaming

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Huxham ◽  
P. G. Bennett ◽  
M. V. Lozowski ◽  
M. R. Dando
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cautionary Tale ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Decision

scholarly journals Human behavior inside and outside bureaucracy: Lessons from psychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Behavior

Both Herbert A. Simon and Anthony Downs borrowed heavily from psychology to develop more accurate theories of Administrative Behavior outside and Inside Bureaucracy: Simon, to explicate the cognitive shortcomings in human rationality and its implications; and Downs, to argue that public officials, like other human beings, vary in their psychological needs and motivations and, therefore, behave differently in similar situations. I examine how recent psychological research adds important nuances to the psychology of human decision-making and behavior and points in somewhat other directions than those taken by Simon and Downs. Cue-taking, fast and intuitive thinking, and emotions play a larger role in human judgment and decision-making than what Simon suggested with his notion of bounded rationality. Personality trait theory provides a more general and solid underpinning for understanding individual differences in behavior, both inside and outside bureaucracy, than the 'types of officials' that Downs discussed. I present an agenda for a behavioral public administration that takes key issues in cognitive psychology and personality psychology into account.

Decision-Making Cognitive Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Thais Spiegel ◽  
Ana Carolina P V Silva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Rationality Theory

In the study of decision-making, the classical view of behavioral appropriateness or rationality was challenged by neuro and psychological reasons. The “bounded rationality” theory proposed that cognitive limitations lead decision-makers to construct simplified models for dealing with the world. Doctors' decisions, for example, are made under uncertain conditions, as without knowing precisely whether a diagnosis is correct or whether a treatment will actually cure a patient, and often under time constraints. Using cognitive heuristics are neither good nor bad per se, if applied in situations to which they have been adapted to be helpful. Therefore, this text contextualizes the human decision-making perspective to find descriptions that adhere more closely to the human decision-making process. Then, based on a literature review of cognition during decision-making, particularly in healthcare context, it addresses a model that identifies the roles of attention, categorization, memory, emotion, and their inter-relations, during the decision-making process.

Implementation of an Intelligent Model for Decision Making Based on CBR for Supply Chain Solution in Retail for a Cluster of Supermarkets

2019 ◽  
pp. 381-397
Author(s):  
Adrian F. Loera-Castro ◽  
Jaime Sanchez ◽  
Jorge Restrepo ◽  
Angel Fabián Campoya Morales ◽  
Julian I. Aguilar-Duque
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Times ◽  
Intelligent Model

The latter includes customizing the user interface, as well as the way the system retrieves and processes cases afterward. The resulting cases may be shown to the user in different ways, and/or the retrieved cases may be adapted. This chapter is about an intelligent model for decision making based on case-based reasoning to solve the existing problem in the planning of distribution in the supply chain between a distribution center and a chain of supermarkets. First, the authors mentioned the need for intelligent systems in the decision-making processes, where they are necessary due to the limitations associated with conventional human decision-making processes. Among them, human experience is very scarce, and humans get tired of the burden of physical or mental work. In addition, human beings forget the crucial details of a problem, and many of the times are inconsistent in their daily decisions.

scholarly journals HANNAH ARENDT’S “POLITICAL BEINGS” AS A REPRESENTATION OF POLITICAL EXISTENTIALISM FOR HUMANS EXISTING IN THE WORLD

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Ray Lienardy ◽  
Rendi Lustanto ◽  
Ganang Dwi Kartika
Keyword(s):  
Political Systems ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Idea ◽  
Vita Activa ◽  
The Individual

Discussions in politics often focus on a broad range of political systems or political movements. This focus leads to the efforts to direct the public to the conversation of "Politics" in the sense of a system and it overlooks the fact that politics is built on the crystallization of ideas from individuals who interpret the condition of togetherness in the world. The interpretation is very important because it is the starting point for political discourse to grow and develop, which is often referred to as individual’s "political" struggle. The struggle involves a conversation between me and myself which is later embodied into an individual political idea. The effort to uncover the importance of "politics" within the framework of individual struggle becomes very important when the discourse provided by "Politics" reaches an impasse. This condition gives an impact on the quality of "Politics" that can cause a significant decline, that is "Politics" is not interpreted to achieve justice but only as a means of pursuing mere interests. This study applies qualitative methods based on theoretical and literary studies on Hannah Arendt’s existentialism, namely Vita Activa theory. The expected result of this study is to reconstruct the political concepts on the individual level that are necessary for human beings to be in the world.

scholarly journals Gender Inequality and Land Rights: The Situation of Indigenous Women in Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Esther Effundem Njieassam
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
The World ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Essential Resource ◽  
Gender Based

Land is an essential resource that serves as a means of subsistence for millions of people in the world and indigenous communities and women in particular. Most indigenous societies' survival is closely tied to land. In Cameroon, indigenous women are the backbone of food production in their communities. That makes access to land important, as it is a significant source of wealth and power for indigenous peoples in general and indigenous women in particular. While women all over the world encounter gender-based discrimination in relation to the control and ownership of land, indigenous women face triple discrimination on the basis of their gender (as women), their ethnicity (as indigenous peoples) and their economic class (economically poor). They are often dehumanised, degraded and subjected to treatment as second-class human beings despite the existence of national legislation that discourages such practices. This paper interrogates the possibility of including indigenous women in government and decision-making processes in Cameroon in the hope that they may be involved in key decision-making processes that affect them, thereby reducing their economic and social vulnerability. It concludes with some thoughtful recommendations on policy reform aimed at ensuring access to land for indigenous women as well as socio-economic justice in its broadest sense.    

Implementation of an Intelligent Model for Decision Making Based on CBR for Supply Chain Solution in Retail for a Cluster of Supermarkets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1224-1240
Author(s):  
Adrian F. Loera-Castro ◽  
Jaime Sanchez ◽  
Jorge Restrepo ◽  
Angel Fabián Campoya Morales ◽  
Julian I. Aguilar-Duque
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Times ◽  
Intelligent Model

The latter includes customizing the user interface, as well as the way the system retrieves and processes cases afterward. The resulting cases may be shown to the user in different ways, and/or the retrieved cases may be adapted. This chapter is about an intelligent model for decision making based on case-based reasoning to solve the existing problem in the planning of distribution in the supply chain between a distribution center and a chain of supermarkets. First, the authors mentioned the need for intelligent systems in the decision-making processes, where they are necessary due to the limitations associated with conventional human decision-making processes. Among them, human experience is very scarce, and humans get tired of the burden of physical or mental work. In addition, human beings forget the crucial details of a problem, and many of the times are inconsistent in their daily decisions.

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