Competition of Four Morningglory(Ipomoeaspp.) Species with Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Crowley ◽  
G. A. Buchanan

Tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth.], pitted morningglory(I. lacunosaL.), ivyleaf morningglory [I. hederacea(L.) Jacq.] and entireleaf morningglory(I. hederaceavar.integruisculaGray) were compared for their competitive ability with cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL.) at weed densities of 4, 8, 16 and 32 weeds/15 m of row. Tall morningglory was the most competitive with yield reductions of as much as 88% at 32 weeds/15 m. The higher populations of tall morningglory also significantly reduced cotton populations, mechanical harvesting efficiency and lint percentage below that in the controls. Pitted morningglory densities twice that of tall morningglory were required to produce cotton responses similar to those induced by tall morningglory. Ivyleaf morningglory and entireleaf morningglory were almost identical in their competitive potentials and were less competitive than the other species evaluated. Their competitive ability was greatly reduced by disease. Competition from morningglories did not consistently affect cotton fiber micronaire, fiber length or strength.

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dennis Elmore ◽  
Michael A. Brown ◽  
Elizabeth P. Flint

Early weed and crop interference was examined in a greenhouse pot experiment combining aspects of additive, substitutive, and diallel designs. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. 'Stoneville 213′) and four weeds {purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.)} were grown singly and in all possible combinations of pairs including reciprocals for 5 weeks in 10-cm plastic pots. After 5 weeks large crabgrass was the tallest species in all combinations except when grown with purple nutsedge. Purple nutsedge, however, had more leaf area and greater dry weight than all other species. Height, leaf area, and dry weight were lowest in prickly sida. Mean relative yields in mixtures (a measure of competitive ability) were 1.90, 1.15, 1.13, 0.86, and 0.41 for purple nutsedge, large crabgrass, cotton, velvetleaf, and prickly sida, respectively, when grown with the other four species as associates. Conversely, purple nutsedge and cotton as associates depressed mean relative yields of competing species to 0.59 and 0.94. Large crabgrass, velvetleaf, and prickly sida as associates increased mean relative yields of competing species to 1.17, 1.18, and 1.55, respectively. Analysis of these data and replacement-series diagrams indicated that purple nutsedge was the most competitive, prickly sida the least, and the other species were intermediate and approximately equivalent in competitive ability.


Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric P. Castner ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
Neil M. Hackett ◽  
Laval M. Verhalen ◽  
David L. Weeks ◽  
...  

The effects of hogpotato interference on cotton and of the crop on the weed were measured under field conditions in four environments. Full-season interference from 105 ± 21 hogpotato plants/m2reduced cotton plant height by 14 to 44%. Conversely, weed dry weight was reduced 54% through full-season interference from cotton. Lint yield reductions in cotton ranged from 31 to 98% following full-season weed interference. Interference during the first 7 weeks of crop growth reduced lint yield by approximately 40%; however, interference after 7 weeks of weed-free maintenance did not affect lint yield. Interference reduced boll size in 3 of 4 yr, lint percent in 2 of 4, and boll number in the only year it was measured. Cotton fiber length, uniformity index, and micronaire were reduced by full-season interference in 1 of 2 yr; however, fiber strength was not affected in either year. Significant use of soil water by hogpotato occurred at 120 cm and deeper in the soil while cotton used water primarily in the upper 75 cm.


Planta ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 250 (6) ◽  
pp. 2147-2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoyuan Liu ◽  
Ji Liu ◽  
Wenfeng Pei ◽  
Xihua Li ◽  
Nuohan Wang ◽  
...  

Abstract Main conclusion The MIR160 family in Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense was characterized, and miR160a_A05 was found to increase cotton-fiber length by downregulating its target gene (ARF17) and several GH3 genes. Abstract Cotton fiber is the most important raw material for the textile industry. MicroRNAs are involved in regulating cotton-fiber development, but a role in fiber elongation has not been demonstrated. In this study, miR160a was found to be differentially expressed in elongating fibers between two interspecific (between Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense) backcross inbred lines (BILs) with different fiber lengths. The gene MIR160 colocalized with a previously mapped fiber-length quantitative trait locus. Its target gene ARF17 was differentially expressed between the two BILs during fiber elongation, but in the inverse fashion. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the MIR160 family in both G. hirsutum and G. barbadense. Moreover, qRT–PCR analysis identified MIR160a as the functional MIR160 gene encoding the miR160a precursor during fiber elongation. Using virus-induced gene silencing and overexpression, overexpressed MIR160a_A05 resulted in significantly longer fibers compared with wild type, whereas suppression of miR160 resulted in significantly shorter fibers. Expression levels of the target gene auxin-response factor 17 (ARF17) and related genes GH3 in the two BILs and/or the virus-infected plants demonstrated similar changes in response to modulation of miR160a level. Finally, overexpression or suppression of miR160 increased or decreased, respectively, the cellular level of indole-3-acetic acid, which is involved in fiber elongation. These results describe a specific regulatory mechanism for fiber elongation in cotton that can be utilized for future crop improvement.


2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 1297-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baohua Wang ◽  
Xavier Draye ◽  
Zhimin Zhuang ◽  
Zhengsheng Zhang ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Vasileios Greveniotis ◽  
Evangelia Sioki ◽  
Constantinos G. Ipsilandis

Correlations of data provided by AFIS and HVI were performed under a multi-location evaluation of cotton fiber characteristics in the Greek environment. Four main cotton-production Greek regions were selected and the five most cultivated commercial upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars were used for evaluation of fiber length and short fiber characteristics by AFIS and HVI instruments. Each cultivar was sown in 16 fields and 80 fields in total were used for all cultivars. Both HVI and AFIS gave reliable data concerning fiber length and short fiber estimations. High positive and statistically significant correlations between the two instruments were found indicating the similarity of final measurements. Fiber length estimations can be performed with higher accuracy than short fiber estimations, because CV values were lower for both instruments. HVI and AFIS showed different advantages in estimating fiber length and short fiber characteristics. Measurements of AFIS on fiber length had a smaller range between maximum and minimum values, but HVI showed lower CV% which is more useful for breeders, since it may indicate gene fixation that ensures easier breeding procedure. For short fibers, AFIS also showed a smaller range between maximum and minimum values and HVI showed lower CV%. Graphical comparisons between HVI and AFIS measurements for fiber length and short fibers showed that HVI had a more pattern with lower fluctuations than AFIS.


1980 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Willey ◽  
M. R. Rao

SUMMARYA simple competitive ratio (CR) is proposed as a measure of intercrop competition, to indicate the number of times by which one component crop is more competitive than the other. Intercropping data show that this CR term could be useful in (i) comparing the competitive ability of different crops, (ii) measuring competitive changes within a given combination, (iii) identifying which plant characters are associated with competitive ability, and (iv) determining what competitive balance between components is most likely to give maximum yield advantages.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
. HASNAM ◽  
EMY SULISTYOWATI ◽  
SIWI SUMARTINI ◽  
FITRINTNGDYAH TRI KADARWATI ◽  
PRIMA D. RIAJAYA

<p>Tujuan utama pemuliaan kapas di Indonesia adalah meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas serat dalam upaya meningkatkan pendapatan petani dan memperbaiki mutu benang tcnun seta kualitas tekstil yang harus bersaing di pasar internasional. Scjumlah enam persilangan telah dilakukan antara dua varietas dai India. I.RA 5166 dan SRT-1 dengan dua varietas dai Amerika Serikat, Dcltapine 55 dan Deltapinc Acala 90 dan satu vaietas dai Australia, Siokra. Seleksi individu, seleksi galur dan seleksi individu dalam galur dilaksanakan pada generasi F2 sampai F5 berdasarkan jumlah buah, tingkat kerusakan daun terhadap Sundapteryx biguttula. dan mutu serat; semua proses di atas dilakukan pada kondisi lahan tadah hujan, dan tanpa penggunaan insektisida terhadap tanaman; dari proses di atas diperoleh 12 galur harapan. Sejumlah 13 percobaan dilakukan antara tahun 1993 sampai dengan 2001 untuk mengamati kcragaan galur-galur baru tersebut; pengujian dilakukan di Jawa Timur dan Sulawesi Selatan, menggunakan teknik-teknik penelitian standar. Dengan proscdur ini dapat diidcntifikasi beberapa galur yang menunjuk¬ kan perbaikan serenlak hasil dan kualitas serat kapas. Beberapa penelitian juga dilakukan untuk mcngcvaluasi tanggap galur-galur tersebut pada tumpangsari dengan kedelai dan kacang hijau di Jawa Timur. Dua galur, 88003/16/2 dan 92016/6 (sudah dilepas dengan nama vaietas Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 9 pada bulan Juni 2003), menunjukkan produktivitas dan kualitas serai yang lebih linggi. Rata-rata, kedua vaietas menghasilkan 1.85 ton dan 191 ton kapas berbiji per hektar atau 8-12% lebih tinggi dai hasil vaietas Kanesia 7 yang sudah dilepas sebelumnya. Persentase serat 35.2%, kekuatan serat berkisar antara 22.6-24.7 gram tex'1, serat lebih panjang dan berkisar 29.2-30.3 mm sedangkan angka mikroncr lebih rendah yang menyatakan bahwa serat lebih halus. Semua perbaikan di atas menunjukkan perbaikan mutu serat. Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 9 juga menunjukkan peningkatan ketahanan terhadap Sundapteryx biguttula dan komplcks hama kapas. Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 9 kurang kompctitif dalam tumpang sari dengan kedelai jika dibandingkan dengan Kanesia 7. Pada tumpang sari dengan kacang hijau Kanesia 8 juga mengalami kehilangan hasil yang tinggi, sedangkan Kanesia 9 menunjukkan toleransi yang tinggi dalam kompctisi dengan kacang hijau. Pelepasan Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 9 akan memberikan pilihan varietas yang lebih banyak bagi petani dan perusahaan pemintalan untuk menyesuaikan dengan produk akhirnya.</p><p>Kata kunci : Gossypium hirsutum, prosedur pemuliaan, produktivitas, kualitas serat, Sundapteryx biguttula, tumpangsari</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Genetic improvement on two new cotton varieties, Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9</strong></p><p>The main objective of cotton breeding in Indonesia is to improve productivity and fiber quality which is aimed to increase farmers' income and to make beter yam and textile quality that has to compete in international market Six crosses were made between two Indian varieties, LRA 5166 and SRT-1 with two USA vaieties, Deltapine 55 and Deltapinc Acala 90 and one Australian variety, Siokra. Individual plants, lines and individual within lines were selected on F2-F5 generations based on boll- counts, leaf-damage by jassids and fiber traits, those were conducted under rainfed and insecticide-ree condition; twelve promising lines were produced from this process. A total of 13 trials were carried out to observe performance of these new lines during 1993 to 2001; those were located in East Java and South Sulawesi using the standardized experimental techniques. By these procedures make it possible to identify several breeding lines showing simultaneous improvement in yield and fiber quality. Several tests were also made to evaluate response of those lines under intercropping with soybean and mungbean, which were located in East Java. Two breeding lines, 88003/16/2 and 92016/6 (those have been released as Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9 in 2003), showed higher productivity and fiber quality. In average, these new vaieties produced 1.85 and 1.91 ton ha'1 seed cotton respectively or 8 to 12% higher than those on Kanesia 7, the previously released vaiety. Lint turn-out was 35.2% fiber-strength was varied from 22.6 to 24.7 gram tex'1 , fiber lengths ranged from 29.2 to 30.3 mm with lower micronaire-valucs indicating better fiber-ineness. All of those improvements represented a trend toward a higher quality iber. Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9 also showed a slight improvement in resistance to jasssids and insect pest-complex. Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9 performed lower competitive ability under intercropping with soybean in comparison with Kanesia 7. Under intercropping with mungbean Kanesia 8 also suffered high yield loss, wherein Kanesia 9 showed good tolerance to mungbean. The release of Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 9 is expected to give a broader choice for the cotton growers and spinning-mills to match with their inal product.</p><p>Key words: Coton (Gossypium hirsutum), breeding procedure, productivity, liber quality, Sundapteryx bigullul. inter¬ cropping.</p>


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