Early Interference between Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Four Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dennis Elmore ◽  
Michael A. Brown ◽  
Elizabeth P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Competing Species ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Early weed and crop interference was examined in a greenhouse pot experiment combining aspects of additive, substitutive, and diallel designs. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. 'Stoneville 213′) and four weeds {purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.)} were grown singly and in all possible combinations of pairs including reciprocals for 5 weeks in 10-cm plastic pots. After 5 weeks large crabgrass was the tallest species in all combinations except when grown with purple nutsedge. Purple nutsedge, however, had more leaf area and greater dry weight than all other species. Height, leaf area, and dry weight were lowest in prickly sida. Mean relative yields in mixtures (a measure of competitive ability) were 1.90, 1.15, 1.13, 0.86, and 0.41 for purple nutsedge, large crabgrass, cotton, velvetleaf, and prickly sida, respectively, when grown with the other four species as associates. Conversely, purple nutsedge and cotton as associates depressed mean relative yields of competing species to 0.59 and 0.94. Large crabgrass, velvetleaf, and prickly sida as associates increased mean relative yields of competing species to 1.17, 1.18, and 1.55, respectively. Analysis of these data and replacement-series diagrams indicated that purple nutsedge was the most competitive, prickly sida the least, and the other species were intermediate and approximately equivalent in competitive ability.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of semi-dwarf and tall varieties of winter wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pearman ◽  
S. M. Thomas ◽  
G. N. Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Dwarf Variety

SummaryEight amounts of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 210 kg N/ha were applied to two tall and one semi-dwarf variety of winter wheat in the spring of 1975 and 1976. The tall varieties were Cappelle-Desprez and Maris Huntsman; the semi-dwarf variety was Maris Fundin in 1975 and Hobbit in 1976. Interactions between varieties and nitrogen were few and small compared with the main effects. All varieties produced their maximum grain yields with 180 kg N/ha. The yield of the semi-dwarf varieties, but not the others, decreased slightly with more nitrogen.Cappelle-Desprez yielded less grain than the other varieties in both years. In 1975 the yields of Maris Fundin and Maris Huntsman were similar and in 1976 Hobbit yielded more than Maris Huntsman. The varieties had similar numbers of ears at maturity and similar patterns of tillering. The semi-dwarf varieties had most grains per spikelet, and hence grains per ear, and Cappelle-Desprez had least. The semi-dwarf varieties had the smallest grains. The semi-dwarf varieties had less straw than the other varieties and hence the largest ratios of grain to total above-ground dry weight. The decrease in dry weight of stem and leaves between anthesis and maturity was similar for all varieties. In 1975 the efficiency of the top two leaves plus top internode in producing grain was the same for all varieties, but in 1976 Hobbit was more efficient than the other two. There were some small differences between varieties in nutrient uptake that were not related to differences in growth. Maris Fundin tended to have a greater phosphorus and potassium content than the tall varieties. Hobbit contained slightly less nitrogen than the tall varieties at maturity, and had a smaller concentration of nitrogen in the grain.Applying 210 kg N/ha doubled grain yield in 1975. Applying nitrogen resulted in a largeincrease in number of ears and a small increase in number of grains per ear due to the development of more fertile spikelets per ear. Nitrogen decreased dry weight per grain, especially of the semi-dwarf varieties. With extra nitrogen, straw dry weight at maturity, shoot dry weight atanthesis and leaf area were all increased relatively more than grain yield, and stems lost moredry weight between anthesis and maturity than without nitrogen. The year 1976 was exceptionallydry and nitrogen had only small effects in that it affected neither straw dry weight nor numberof ears but slightly increased grain yield by increasing the number of spikelets and number of grains per spikelet. It also increased leaf area proportionately to grain yield. In 1975 nitrogen increased evaporation of water from the crop before anthesis but decreased it after anthesis, even though it continued to increase the extraction of water from below 90 cm.

Competition of Four Morningglory(Ipomoeaspp.) Species with Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Crowley ◽  
G. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Cotton Fiber ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lint Percentage ◽  
Ipomoea Purpurea ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Harvesting Efficiency

Tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth.], pitted morningglory(I. lacunosaL.), ivyleaf morningglory [I. hederacea(L.) Jacq.] and entireleaf morningglory(I. hederaceavar.integruisculaGray) were compared for their competitive ability with cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL.) at weed densities of 4, 8, 16 and 32 weeds/15 m of row. Tall morningglory was the most competitive with yield reductions of as much as 88% at 32 weeds/15 m. The higher populations of tall morningglory also significantly reduced cotton populations, mechanical harvesting efficiency and lint percentage below that in the controls. Pitted morningglory densities twice that of tall morningglory were required to produce cotton responses similar to those induced by tall morningglory. Ivyleaf morningglory and entireleaf morningglory were almost identical in their competitive potentials and were less competitive than the other species evaluated. Their competitive ability was greatly reduced by disease. Competition from morningglories did not consistently affect cotton fiber micronaire, fiber length or strength.

Weed Seed and Seedling Reductions by Soil Solarization by Transparent Polyethylene Sheets

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant H. Egley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Trianthema Portulacastrum ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Weed Emergence

Solarization by means of transparent polyethylene sheets for 1 week in mid-summer significantly (P = 0.05) reduced numbers of viable prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlect.] seeds remaining after burial in soil. Solarization treatments for 1 to 4 weeks significantly reduced the total weed emergence of prickly sida, pigweeds (Amaranthusspecies), spurred anoda, morningglories (Ipomoeaspecies), horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrumL.), and various grass species from natural seed populations for the growing season by 64 to 98%. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) emergence was increased by solarization in some instances. It was not determined if the increased emergence was from tubers or seeds. Maximum temperatures at the 1.3-cm soil depth under the polyethylene sheets reached 65 to 69C for 3 to 4 h of the mid-afternoon on clear days as compared with 43 to 50C at 1.3 cm in the soils that were not covered. Surface soil-moisture levels were also elevated under the polyethylene covers. Although solarization did not eliminate dormant weed seeds from the germination zone, the treatment killed nondormant seeds and greatly reduced the number of weed seedlings that otherwise would have emerged.

Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Management in Corn (Zea mays) and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Rotations

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Field Corn

A field study was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to determine the effect of MON 12037, linuron, and ametryn on purple nutsedge density in field corn in a 2-yr rotation with cotton. Each corn treatment included cultivation and noncultivation. A standard treatment for purple nutsedge control was applied to all cotton plots in the second season of the corn–cotton rotation. Purple nutsedge shoot densities were reduced in cultivated MON 12037, noncultivated MON 12037, and cultivated ametryn in the corn–corn and corn–cotton rotations. Purple nutsedge tuber population was reduced in the corn–corn rotation by MON 12037 with and without cultivation, cultivated linuron, and cultivated ametryn treatments relative to the noncultivated check. In the corn–cotton rotation, purple nutsedge tuber population was reduced only by the cultivated MON 12037 and cultivated ametryn treatments relative to the noncultivated check.

DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH AND COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF Amaranthus retroflexus, A. powellii AND A. hybridus

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN E. WEAVER
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constant Density ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Amaranthus Powellii

The frequency of occurrence of Amaranthus powellii and A. hybridus relative to that of A. retroflexus in agricultural fields in southwestern Ontario is increasing. Rates of germination and growth and development of the three species were compared at 28/22 °C and 22/14 °C in the growth chamber. Amaranthus powellii exhibited a faster rate of germination and greater early growth with respect to height and leaf number than either of the other species under both temperature regimes. Amaranthus hybridus had a greater root dry weight, took 3 wk longer to reach maturity and produced more seeds than either of the other species. In the field, when sown in pure stands and mixtures at constant density but varying proportions, A. powellii showed a greater competitive ability than A. retroflexus or A. hybridus with respect to number of plants, aboveground fresh weight, and number of seeds produced per square metre.Key words: Pigweed, germination, seed production, competition

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MYCORRHIZAE, MEDIA AND CONTAINER TYPE ON THE GROWTH OF GREEN PEPPER AND LETTUCE TRANSPLANTS

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 709B-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray A. Watson ◽  
Katrine A. Stewart ◽  
Valentin Furlan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Container Type

The effects of two mycorrhizal species (Glomus versiforme and Glomus intraradix) and a control on the growth of green pepper, Capsicum annuum, and lettuce, Lactuca sativa, seedlings have been evaluated using four types of growing media (Peatwool, Fafard bulk mix. Cornell mix and a compost based mix) and two types of containers, Cell Packs (125 cc volume) and Pro-Trays (65 cc volume) for green pepper and Cell Packs (125 cc volume) and Plug Flats (33 cc volume) for lettuce. The experiments were split plot randomized Complete block design with 6 blocks (lettuce) and 4 blocks (pepper). Seeds were sown directly into the containers of mycorrhizal inoculated media. All treatments received the same fertilizer regime. Cell volume had no significant effects on green pepper fresh weight, dry weight, stem diameter, leaf area or leaf number but the lettuce Cell Pack plants had significantly higher fresh and dry weights, more leaves and higher leaf area. The Fafard Bulk and the Compost mix gave significantly higher fresh and dry weights than did the other two media for both green pepper and lettuce. Mycorrhizal species did not influence plant growth with the exception of leaf area in green peppers and shoot dry weight in lettuce.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Ekstrak Air Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus) Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kandungan Klorofil Padi Gogo Varietas Inpago 8

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Mia A. Agustin ◽  
Zulkifli Zulkifli ◽  
Tundjung T. Handayani ◽  
Martha L. Lande
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Levene Test

The purpose of this research is to know whether the aqueous extract of purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus) have an effect on the growth and chlorophyll content of upland riceseedling of Inpago 8 varieties. This research was conducted at Botanical Laboratory ofBiology Department Faculty of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences University ofLampung from September to October 2017. The experiments were carried out in a completerandomized design with the main factors being aqueous extract of purple nutsedge with 5 level : 0% v / v (control), 5% v / v, 10% v / v, 15% v / v, and 20%v/v. Parameters measuredwere shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, and total chlorophyllcontent of rice seedling. Homogeneity of variance was determined by the Levene test at 5%significant level. Analysis of variance and Tukey HSD test is done at 5% significant level.The results showed that the concentration of extract correlated quadratic with shoot lengthwhere the maximum shoot length was 3.9 cm at 10% extract concentration. Fresh weight andrelative water content maximum were 73.21 mg and 76% respectively at concentrations of14% and 10%. The minimum total chlorophyll content was 0.47 mg / g tissue at aconcentration of 11%. There was no significant effect on the dry weight of the seedling.From the results of the study, it was concluded that the extract of purple nutsedge at aconcentration below 14% was a growth stimulator, but it was an inhibitor of chlorophyllbiosynthesis.Keyword: Chlorophyll, Growth, Upland rice variety Inpago 8, Purple nutsedge

scholarly journals Allelopathic Effect of Cyperus rotundus L. on Seed Germination and Initial Growth of Glycine max L. cv. Grobogan

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Darmanti ◽  
Santosa Santosa ◽  
Kumala Dewi ◽  
L Hartanto Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Glycine Max L

Allelopathy is a phenomenon of direct or indirect, beneficial or adverse effects of a plant on its own or another plant through the release of chemicals into the environment. This experiment was carried out to determine the allelopathic effect of Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) tuber aqueous extract on seed germination and initial growth of Glycine max L. (soybean) seedlings. The experiment was performed in completely randomized (CRD) design with five replications, using a range of concentrations of aqueous tuber extracts of nutsedge, i.e.: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The petri dish experiment showed that with increase of the tuber extract concentration, a significant increase was noted in mean germination time (MGT), significant decreases in germination index (GI), growth tolerance index (GTI), wet weight seedling, dry weight seedling and  length of soybean seedling.  

Toxicity of Imazethapyr to Purple (Cyperus rotundus) and Yellow Nutsedges (C. esculentus)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 900-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Richburg ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
Glenn R. Wehtje
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Root Tuber ◽  
Tuber Treatment

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the response of purple and yellow nutsedges to selective soil placement of 5 cm of soil treated with imazethapyr above and/or below the nutsedge tubers. Early postemergence (EPOST) or postemergence (POST) imazethapyr treatments at 71 g ai/ha as a foliar, soil, or foliar + soil application was also evaluated. Imazethapyr placement above or below the nutsedge tuber generally increased shoot number, shoot dry weight (SW), shoot regrowth dry weight (SRW), and root tuber dry weight (RTW) production in both species, 28 and 42 days after treatment (DAT) compared with the control. However, the 5-cm above + 5-cm below tuber treatment at 14, 28, and 42 DAT reduced purple nutsedge shoot number, SW, SRW, and RTW to 19, 7, 14, and 26% of the control, respectively. Yellow nutsedge shoot number was 103% of the control with the 5-cm above + 5-cm below tuber treatment 42 DAT. The 5-cm above + 5-cm below tuber treatment reduced yellow nutsedge SW, SRW, and RTW to 43, 44, and 23% of the control, respectively, 28 and 42 DAT. EPOST and POST foliar + soil and soil-only applications reduced SW 28 d after treatment (DAT) to 13% or less of the control for both species. SRWs of both species were ≤ 53% of the control 42 DAT for the soil-only application. The foliar-only treatment was the least effective in SW, SRW, and RTW reductions.

Biocontrol of Purple Nutsedge byBactra verutanaZeller in a Greenhouse

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Frick ◽  
P.C. Quimby
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Degree Of Control

The degree of control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) provided byBactra verutanaZeller, a native moth, was evaluated for various stress conditions. Two, three, or four weekly infestations each with three larvae per live shoot, reduced purple nutsedge dry weight an average 77% compared with an average 55% for one infestation. Eight weekly infestations reduced plant dry weight 98%. Neither caging of the larvae on the plants nor osmotic stress with NaCl to −8 bars influenced larval efficacy, but nitrogen deficiency did reduce the effect of the larvae about 75%. Purple nutsedge had no effect on the dry weight of cucumber (Cucumis sativusL., ‘Straight Eight’) after 1 month, whether larvae were or were not present. Purple nutsedge did reduce the plant dry weight of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Moench, ‘Clemson Spineless’) 64%, but repeated (eight) weekly infestations of larvae gave a plant weight of okra equal to that of okra grown without purple nutsedge. Purple nutsedge reduced the bulb and root dry weight of onion (Allium cepaL., ‘Big Valley’) 37%, but repeated weekly infestations of larvae gave onion growth equal to that of onion grown without purple nutsedge.

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