Growth and Yield of Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Injured by Trifluralin

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-464
Author(s):  
Ken M. Nawolsky ◽  
Ian N. Morrison ◽  
George M. Marshall ◽  
Allen E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Flax Seed ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Initial Injury ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Number Of Branches

The relationships between the actual amount of spring-applied trifluralin detected in soil at seeding, initial injury to flax, and crop growth and yield were investigated in southern Manitoba over three growing seasons. As the amount of trifluralin in the soil increased, flax density and dry matter production decreased, such that at a soil concentration equivalent to 1 kg ai ha−1trifluralin, the two were reduced by 40 and 49%, respectively. Recovery from early-season injury was characterized by enhanced crop growth rates (CGRs) and net assimilation rates (NARs) of surviving plants during the remainder of the growing season. Maximum recovery occurred in plots where trifluralin levels in the soil were between 0.8 and 1 kg ha−1at seeding. During the interval between stem elongation and bud initiation, CGRs and NARs of flax in the trifluralin-treated plots exceeded those of flax in the untreated plots by up to 1.5 and 1.2 times, respectively. Additionally, the number of branches per plant increased linearly as trifluralin amounts in the soil increased. Flax seed yield was decreased by trifluralin as described by the equation: flax seed (% of untreated control) = 104.9 - 13.3[trifluralin detected (kg ha−1) at seeding]. Based on this equation, trifluralin levels in the soil of up to 0.7 kg ai ha−1caused less than a 5% reduction in flax yield under weed-free conditions.

Effects of Plant Density on Growth and Yield of Oil Palm

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. V. Corley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Net Assimilation

SUMMARYCrop growth rate of oil palm increases with leaf area index (LAI) to about 40 tons/ha./yr at the highest LAIs obtained. Net assimilation rate and dry matter production per palm decrease with increasing LAI, but the amount of dry matter per palm incorporated in vegetative tissues is unaffected by density. As a result the optimal LAI for oil yield is considerably below the critical LAI for maximum crop growth rate.

Effect of nitrogen and zinc on nodulation, growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Upadhyay ◽  
Anita Singh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Number Of Branches

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of zinc and nitrogen on growth, nodulation pattern and yield of cowpea. The treatments were four levels of nitrogen ( 0 , 10, 20 and 30 kg/ha) and four levels of zinc (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha). Application of various levels of nitrogen significantly increased dry matter production/plant , plant height number of branches/ plant, effective nodules/ plant, total nodule / plant, effective nodules weight /plant, pods/plant , seeds/pod and grain yield. Similarly zinc significantly increased plant height, branches / plant, number of leaves/plant, dry matter /plant, effective nodules weight /plant and grain yield. There was no significant interaction between nitrogen and zinc on grain yield.

scholarly journals Growing Characters of Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Response to Different Rainwater Harvesting Practices in Semi-arid Region of the Loess Plateau in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Qu. Yang ◽  
B. Feng
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Semi Arid

In semi-arid and arid areas, crop growth is mainly limited by low rainfall (mm). Using plastic film-mulched and special soil tillage can be employed to harvest limited rainfall for crop growth so as to assure food production. The objective of this work was to find out how to exploit limited rainfall (mm) to increase yield of proso millet. Effects of different rainfall harvesting systems based on plastic film-mulched in proso millet were managed in semi-arid regions of Loess Plateau in 2010-2012, and soil type that study involved was calciccambisols. The hypothesis was that proso millet could improve growth and yield of proso millet by using rainfall harvesting system. Experiment designed three rainfall harvesting systems based on plastic mulched and no mulching (NM) as a control. A flat plot with no mulching was a control (NM), the width of furrow was 60 cm with 60 cm wide ridge (P60), the width of furrow was 60 cm with 100 cm wide M-shaped ridge (M160), and the width of furrow was 40 cm with 40 cm wide W-shaped ridge (W80). Control plot and systems were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Only the ridge was mulched with white plastic film. The results showed as follows: rainfall harvesting systems based on plastic film-mulched could increase water content of topsoil by 19.6%-43%, move up in temperature of topsoil by 0.1oC-2.7oC, improve agronomic traits (P=0.05), and increase yield by 96.8%-115.3% (P=0.05) and WUE by 120.2%-179.3% (P=0.05) compared with those of NM, respectively; “W-shaped” system performed advantage enough among all rainfall harvesting systems, increased water content of topsoil and temperature of topsoil, and separately increased yield and WUE of proso millet by 115.3% and 179.3% compared with those of NM =0.05) in three growing seasons; average rate of yield increase of proso millet in all rainfall harvesting systems tended to be quadratic function correlated with the rainfall (mm) (R2=1); rainfall harvesting systems had better effect on improving plant heights at early growing stage of proso millet than those at later growing stage. The hypothesis was supported by these findings that suggested rainfall harvesting systems with plastic film-mulched could improve yield and water use efficiency of proso millet and have affection effectively at early growing stage of proso millet, increasing yield of rainfall harvesting system was limited by abundant rainfall (mm) and had to be suitable for 250 mm-300 mm rainfall of growing seasons for proso millet; “W-shaped” system performed well in semi-arid areas.

The growth and performance of rain-grown cotton in a tropical upland environment: I. Yields, water relations and crop growth

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Independent Effects

SUMMARYThe effects of environment and genotype on growth and yield of cotton were studied in three experiments done at Namulonge, Uganda, from 1966 to 1969. Treatments were date of sowing, variety, fertilizer, plant population and water. Variety BPA66 sown in June at 4–10 plants m-2 outyielded other varieties, sowing dates and population densities. Compound fertilizer at l.25 t ha-1 increased yield by 15% and irrigation increased yield by 38%. The soil water deficit (CSWD) was calculated from meteorological data, and the relative water content (RWC) of the plants was measured. CSWD did not affect growth until a critical value (CD) was reached, which increased from 20 to 50 mm as the crop aged. When CD was reached RWC was s0·094 at dawn and 0·83 at 1400 h. Growth stopped when CSWD > CD, except while any rain, insufficient to make CSWD < CD, was being consumed. Days while such rain was being consumed and days when CSWD < CD were added to give the effective numbers of growing days which accounted for differences in numbers of mainstem nodes caused by sowing date and spacing, and for differences in plant dry weight and leaf area caused by sowing date. Variation in light transmitted by the crop canopy depended on leaf area index (L) alone; spacing, fertilizer and CSWD had no independent effects. The measured extinction coefficient was 1.1 compared with 0·9 predicted by de Wit's (1965) model. Measured value of crop growth rate (C) agreed with values predicted by the de Wit model for the vegetative phase. Spacing and fertilizer only affected C through L. During the reproductive phase C became much less dependent on L, and the form of the relationship changed. Some varieties including BPA66 had a greater net assimilation rate. Maximum C was expected when L ~ 3, but L was seldom > 2. Crops sown at current and previously recommended spacings had sparse canopies and did not fully use light available for dry matter production.

scholarly journals Effect of Organic Liquid Manure of Kunapajala on Growth and Yield of Bhindi [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.]

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Kavya ◽  
K. Ushakumari
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Number Of Branches

Kunapajala is a fermented liquid organic manure mentioned in Vrikshayurvedha and now a days popular among farmers. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the soil and foliar efficacy of 2% and 5% herbal and non- herbal Kunapajala on plant growth by using bhindi. Kunapajala treatment was compared with inorganic fertilizers, Panchagavya and fish amino acid. Foliar application of 5% non-herbal Kunapajala recorded the highest growth and yield attributes such as plant height (124.4 cm), number of branches (3.73), leaf area index (1.42) , dry matter production (3845.51 kg ha-1, number of fruits per plant (25.5), length of fruits (15.24 cm), girth of fruits (7.22 cm), average fruit weight (20.8 g) and yield (20.78 t ha-1).

scholarly journals Effect of sulphur, zinc and boron on the growth and yield enhancement of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-300
Author(s):  
C. Ravikumar ◽  
A. Karthikeyan ◽  
P. Senthilvalavan ◽  
R. Manivannan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Formation Stage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Initiation Stage ◽  
Bud Initiation

Oilseed crops grown in different types of soil experience nutrient deficiency, especially sulphur, zinc and boron, which affect crop productivity. To tackle it, nutrient management practices must be streamlined to avoid improper fertilizations and deterioration of soil health. With this background, experimental trials were conducted to study the effect of sulphur, zinc and boron application on the growth, yield components and yield of hybrid sunflower at AyanAthur village, Ariyalur district (TN) during the summer seasons of 2016 and 2017. The experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The growth components of sunflower (plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production, leaf area duration (LAD) and growth analysis parameters such as crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate(RGR), net assimilation rate(NAR) and chlorophyll content, yield components and seed yield were significantly (level of significance P>0.05) influenced by foliar application of 0.5% Zn on bud initiation stage and seed formation stage and B @ 0.3% on bud initiation stage and ray floret formation stage along with S(sulphur) @ 40 kg ha-1 and RDF(recommended dose of fertilizers) as a soil application. Growth and yield parameters responded very little with the RDF alone. From both experimental results, we found that foliar application of Zn @ 0.5%and B @ 0.3% along with S @ 40 kg ha-1 and RDF recorded the highest percentage of dry matter production (44.4%), number of filled seeds (30.1%) and yield (32.4%) of hybrid sunflower.

Book review

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Z. Berzsenyi
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Madison Avenue

A. R. Overman and R. V. Scholtz III.: Mathematical Models of Crop Growth and Yield. Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. 2002. Hardcover, 344 pp., 150.00. ISBN 0-8247-0825-3.

scholarly journals Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Samantha E. Ward ◽  
Paul A. Umina ◽  
Sarina Macfadyen ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Aphid Species ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids

In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in 28 fields of wheat and canola. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most abundant aphid species, particularly within canola crops. Across all fields, aphid populations remained relatively low during the early stages of crop growth and increased as the season progressed. Seasonal patterns were consistent across sites, due to climate, crop growth stage, and interactions between these factors. For canola, field edges did not appear to act as reservoirs for either aphids or parasitoids, as there was little overlap in the community composition of either, but for wheat there was much similarity. This is likely due to the presence of similar host plants within field edges and the neighbouring crop, enabling the same aphid species to persist within both areas. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common parasitoid across our study, particularly in canola, yet was present only in low abundance at field edges. The most common parasitoid in wheat fields was Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), with field edges likely acting as a reservoir for this species. Secondary parasitoid numbers were consistently low across our study. Differences in parasitoid species composition are discussed in relation to crop type, inter-field variation, and aphid host. The results highlight potential focal management areas and parasitoids that could help control aphid pests within grain crops.

Effects of cereal rye seeding rate on waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) emergence and soybean growth and yield

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Mandy Bish ◽  
Brian Dintelmann ◽  
Eric Oseland ◽  
Jacob Vaughn ◽  
Kevin Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Growing Seasons

Abstract The evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds has resulted in the necessity to integrate non-chemical control methods with chemicals for effective management in crop production systems. In soybean, control of the pigweed species, particularly herbicide-resistant waterhemp and Palmer amaranth, have become predominant concerns. Cereal rye planted as a winter cover crop can effectively suppress early-season weed emergence in soybean, including waterhemp, when planted at a rate of 123 kg ha−1. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different cereal rye seeding rates (0, 34, 56, 79, 110, and 123 kg ha−1) on early-season waterhemp suppression and soybean growth and yield. Soybean was planted into fall-seeded cereal rye, which was terminated within four days of soybean planting. The experiment was conducted over the 2018, 2019, and 2020 growing seasons in Columbia, Missouri. Effects of cereal rye on early-season waterhemp suppression varied by year and were most consistent at 56 kg ha−1 or higher seeding rates. Linear regression analysis of cereal rye biomass, height, or stand at soybean planting showed inverse relationships with waterhemp emergence. No adverse effects to soybean growth or yield were observed at any of the cereal rye seeding rates relative to plots that lacked cereal rye cover. Result differences among the years suggest that the successfulness of cereal rye on suppression of early-season waterhemp emergence is likely influenced by the amount of waterhemp seed present in the soil seed bank.

Effects of Temperature and CO2Concentration on the Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Maxine T. Highsmith ◽  
Elizabeth P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf were grown in controlled-environment chambers at day/night temperatures of 32/23 or 26/17 C and CO2concentrations of 350 or 700 ppm. After 5 weeks, CO2enrichment to 700 ppm increased dry matter accumulation by 38, 26, and 29% in cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively, at 26/17 C and by 61, 41, and 29% at 32/23 C. Increases in leaf weight accounted for over 80% of the increase in total plant weight in cotton and spurred anoda in both temperature regimes. Leaf area was not increased by CO2enrichment. The observed increases in dry matter production with CO2enrichment were caused by increased net assimilation rate. In a second experiment, plants were grown at 350 ppm CO2and 29/23 C day/night for 17 days before exposure to 700 ppm CO2at 26/17 C for 1 week. Short-term exposure to high CO2significantly increased net assimilation rate, dry matter production, total dry weight, leaf dry weight, and specific leaf weight in comparison with plants maintained at 350 ppm CO2at 26/17 C. Increases in leaf weight in response to short-term CO2enrichment accounted for 100, 87, and 68% of the observed increase in total plant dry weight of cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively. Comparisons among the species showed that CO2enrichment decreased the weed/crop ratio for total dry weight, possibly indicating a potential competitive advantage for cotton under elevated CO2, even at suboptimum temperatures.

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