Phytotoxicity, Leachability, and Site of Uptake of 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Eshel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Different Soils

The toxicity, leachability, and site of uptake of the herbicide 2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (hereinafter referred to as CP 50144) were studied in different soils. Two inches of water leached most of the compound to a soil depth of 2 to 3 inches, when applied at rates of 1 and 2 kg/ha. The inherent toxicity of CP 50144 to cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL., var. Acala 4-42) was studied in culture solution. The herbicide was most toxic to cotton when the entire root system of the crop was exposed to soil treated with CP 50144; reduction of weight of seedlings was accompanied by severe inhibition of root growth. On the other hand, only a slight reduction in growth rate was noticed when only the shoot zone of cotton was exposed to the herbicide.

scholarly journals Factors Causing Losses of Rooted Cuttings of Olive Propagated under Mist and Ways of Its Prevention

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 566f-567
Author(s):  
A. Talaie ◽  
M. Zarrabi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ventilation Conditions

To study the reasons for the losses of rooted semihardwood cuttings of olive propagated under the mist method, a 2-year experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Dept. of Faculty of Agriculture of the Tehran Univ. In this experiment, semihardwood cuttings of olive (Zard cultivar) in four different media—heavy-(Al), semi-heavy(A2), medium (A3), and light (A4), all disinfected with two different concentrations of Captan—were used. Root growth stages with low, medium, and light densities in spring and fall were evaluated. The results indicate that there are the least losses in semi-heavy (A2) and medium (A3) media. This could be the result of a better ventilation conditions in these media, which activates N and Ca and finally accelerates the better growth conditions in all young rooted cuttings. On the other hand, it was clear that inadequate disinfection will result in losses of rooted cuttings, and using Captan at 2 ppm gives the best result. This research indicate that, with the higher growth rate, the first medium will have the fewer losses. The reason is the higher density and more durability and strength of the root, which control the disease-causing factors; so far that these factors do not influence the young roots. Finally, strong and dense roots show less losses. This experiment was designed in a factorial with randomized complete block and the averages were compared in a Duncan test and the results of abnormally distributed characteristics were shown by using logarithmic and sinus method.

scholarly journals The ameliorative effect of selenium on Azolla caroliniana grown under UV-B stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Mostafa ◽  
A.M.A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Glutathione Redox

Exposure ofAzollaplants to UV-B radiation for 6 h resulted in a decrease in biomass and relative growth rate (RGR), which coincided with an increase in doubling time (DT) as compared with the control. Also, the protein content decreased. On the other hand, hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated significantly in UV-treatedAzollaplants. Conversely, the addition of selenium (Se) at 1 ppm resulted in a significant increase in biomass and protein content of untreated and UV-treatedAzollaplants, and a significant reduction in both H2O2and MDA. Moreover, the addition of Se to UV-treated and untreatedAzollaplants resulted in a significant increase in total ascorbate and total glutathione (GSH) contents compared with the control and UV-stressedAzollaplants. Also, glutathione redox potential (GSH/TG) increased significantly in UV-treatedAzollaplants in the presence of Se. There also was a significant increase (38%) in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in UV-treated plants compared with the control. APX activity in the presence of Se did not change significantly compared with the control. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased significantly in UV-treatedAzolla, while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity did not. On the other hand, both GSH-PX and GR activity in untreated and UV-treatedAzollaplants were significantly enhanced by the application of Se to the nutrient media at a concentration of 1 ppm. Therefore, we can conclude that Se protectsAzollaplants from UV-B stress.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE DOE WEIGHT ON HER REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENY

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ebrahim Ahmed ◽  
Hussain Yawr Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand

Thirty-six local dose have been used and were divided in to three groups sacording to weight, in each group twelve dose. In the first group the weights of the dose were higher than ( 2.5 kgs) and less than (3 kgs). The second groups was higher than 3 kgs) and less than (3.5 kgs). The third group was higher than (3.5 kgs) and less than (4 kgs). The aim of this study was to obtain the effect of doe weight on her reproductive efficiency (gestation period, litter size, litter weight at birth and weaning, growth rate of offspring preweaning, conception rate and preweaning mortility).  The weight of the doe had no significant effect upon the gestation period and this period was 30.9, 31.2, 31.3 days for the three groups respectively, on the other hand the litter size was affected significantly by doe weight and litter size was at birth and preaweaning (5.1 , 5.8 and 6.2), (4.5, 5.3 and 5.7) for the three groups respectively. The offspring weight at birth and weaning was affected significantly by doe weight and this weight was (40.1 , 48.2 and 53.3 gms), (203.6, 227.5 and 233.8 gms) for the three groups respectively while the conception rate was not affected by doe weight. The mortility percentage in the prewaning period was not significantly by doe weight

Adptatives Responses of the Species Ethmalosa fimbriata in Biétri Bay, a Highly Disturbed Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Moussa Side ◽  
Eby Yoboué Gnamma Honorine Alla ◽  
Behiri Innocent Kakou ◽  
Béatrice Abouo Adepo-Gourene
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Reference Site ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Disturbed Environment

The growth and size at first sexual maturity of the species Ethmalosa fimbriata were studied in two sites in the Ebrié lagoon: Bietri, a highly anthropized environment and Vitré 2, a reference site. Growth parameters estimated from size frequencies showed that growth in both size and weight was faster in females than in males regardless of habitat. On the other hand, specimens from Biétri bay have a slower growth rate than those from Vitré 2. In Bietri bay, individuals are characterized by early sexual maturity. They reach sexual maturity at the age of 0.55 years (about 7 months), corresponding to a size of 6.13 cm for males and 8.42 cm for females; whereas in Vitré 2, they reach sexual maturity at the age of 0.82 years (about 10 months) corresponding to a size of 10.22 cm and 12.94 cm for males and females respectively. These results show that in a highly antropic environment, the growth of Ethmalosa fimbriata is affected and individuals reproduce earlier.

An In-Situ Rainwater Collection and Infiltration System to Improve Plant-Available Water and Fine Root Growth for Drought Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 807-814
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Song ◽  
Xiaodong Gao ◽  
Paul Reese Weckler ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jie Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
List Type ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

HighlightsAn in-situ rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) method is a rainwater catchment utilization techniqueRWCI is advantageous for increasing sustainable plant-avaibale water to increase drought resistanceRWCI significantly increased the amount of water and nutrients in the rhizosphere for uptake by apple tree rootsABSTRACT. A two-year field experiment was undertaken to determine the spatial distribution of plant-available water and roots in soil profiles under two rainfall control systems—an in-situ rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) method and a semi-circular basin (SCB)—in apple orchards in the Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that the RWCI treatments with a soil depth of 40 cm (RWCI40), 60 cm (RWCI60), and 80 cm (RWCI80) significantly increased plant-available water in different seasons and depths and increased root growth of apple trees in the experimental soil profile (0–200 cm). At 0–200 cm soil depth, then RWCI treatments had significantly higher (91.86%-110.01%) mean plant-available water storage (PAWS) than the SCB treatment in both study years (2015 and 2016). From 0–120 cm soil depth, the RWCI60 treatment had significantly higher growing season mean PAWS than RWCI40 and RWCI80; however, RWCI80 had the highest from 120–200 cm. From 0–60 cm, the RWCI treatments had 25.84%-36.86% a smaller proportion of root system than the SCB treatment. However, from 60–120 cm, the proportion of root system increased by 131.53% (RWCI40), 157.95% (RWCI60) and 129.98% (RWCI80), relative to SCB. From 0–200 cm, the RWCI treatments had 1.49–1.94 times more root dry weight density than the SCB treatment. The highest concentration of fine roots occurred in the RWCI treatments. Thus, RWCI enabled roots to absorb more water and nutrients from a wider wetted area and improved drought resistance. Keywords: Drought resistance, Fine roots, Loess Plateau, Plant-available water, Spatial distribution.

scholarly journals Competition between related strains of nodule bacteria and its influence on infection of the legume host

1941 ◽  
Vol 130 (858) ◽  
pp. 32-59 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Root System ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Different Strains

The work deals with the behaviour of mixed strains of nodule bacteria towards each other and towards their legume host. It introduces the concept of dominance in competition between strains. This dominance is independent of degree of effectiveness as regards nitrogen fixation. Where tow strains of nodule bacteria are both present in the surroundings of their host's root system, active competition between them may cause the strain having the higher initial growth rate almost completely to check multiplication of the other strain outside the plant. This dominant strain will then be responsible for nearly all the nodules. In peas and soy beans, where growth of the root sysytem is rapid and of comparatively short duration, the nodule-producing capacity of the plant may be partially or wholly satisfied by the nodules produced within the first few weeks, so that further infection, whether by the same or by a different strain, is checked or inhibited. In clover, whose root system continues to grow over a long period, the first-formed nodules do not stop further nodules from being formed either by the same or by a different strain. There are large differences in the rates of appearance and final numbers of nodules produced by different strains supplied in pure culture, particularly with clover. The relative numbers of nodules produced by the two strains simultaneously applied to the roots is conditioned by the specific infectivity peculiar to each strain, unless some other factor, such as competition outside the plant, masks this effect.

Island Formation of SiC Film on Striated Si(001) Substrates

2008 ◽  
Vol 600-603 ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshimine Kato ◽  
Kazuo Sakumoto
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
The Other ◽  
Film Growth Rate ◽  
Surface Nucleation ◽  
Site Density ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sic Film ◽  
Nucleation Site Density

SiC growth on as-received and striated Si(001) substrates was studied. SiC films were grown by pulsed-jet chemical vapor deposition using monomethylsilane as a gas source at 780°C. Two kinds of Si surfaces were prepared. One was an as-received Si(001) surface and the other was an striated (scratched) Si(001) surface. It was found that nucleation rate of SiC is quite different between these two kinds of surfaces. The film growth rate was very low for the as-received Si(001) surface compared with the striated surface, and after 8 hours of growth hardly any film was grown and only square-shaped islands were observed. On the other hand, for the undulant substrate about 100nm thick 3C-SiC film was grown after 8 hours of deposition. This film growth rate difference appears to be due to the difference in density of nucleation sites. For the as-received Si(001) surface, nucleation site density appears to be quite small due to the atomically flat surface. On the other hand, for the undulant surface, nucleation site density was large enough for the film to grow faster.

Role of Cl/Si Ratio in the Low-Temperature Chloro-Carbon Epitaxial Growth of SiC

2013 ◽  
Vol 740-742 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Galyna Melnychuk ◽  
Siva Prasad Kotamraju ◽  
Yaroslav Koshka
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Other Hand

In order to understand the influence of the Cl/Si ratio on the morphology of the low-temperature chloro-carbon epitaxial growth, HCl was added during the SiCl4/CH3Cl growth at 1300°C. Use of higher Cl/Si ratio allowed only modest improvements of the growth rate without morphology degradation, which did not go far beyond what has been achieved previously by optimizing the value of the input C/Si ratio. On the other hand, when the epitaxial growth process operated at too low or too high values of the input C/Si ratio, i.e., outside of the window of good epilayer morphology, any additional increase of the Cl/Si ratio caused improvement of the epilayer morphology. It was established that this improvement was due to a change of the effective C/Si ratio towards its intermediate values, which corresponded to more favorable growth conditions.

scholarly journals Antagonistic Potentiality of Some Soil Fungi Against Six Fungal Pathogens Isolated From Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Amina Khatun ◽  
Shamim Shamsi ◽  
Abul Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Volatile Metabolites ◽  
Other Hand

The antagonistic potentials of four soil filamentous fungi viz., Aspergillus flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. niger van Tieghem and Trichoderma viride Pers. against six pathogens isolated from 14 varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were evaluated by "dual culture colony interaction”, volatile and non-volatile metabolites. In dual culture colony interaction, out of four soil fungi, T. viride was found be the most effective to control the growth of the cotton pathogens. T. viride showed the highest growth inhibition against Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, Mucor sp. and Rhizoctonia solani. On the other hand A. niger showed the highest growth inhibition against Fusarium nivale and A. fumigatus showed the maximum growth inhibition against C. gloeosporioides. The highest inhibition of radial growth of C. lunata, F. nivale and F. moniliforme was observed might be due to the secretion of volatile metabolites of T. viride whereas, the maximum inhibition of radial growth of C. gloeosporioides was observed because of the volatile metabolites of A. flavus. Mucor sp. and R. solani were inhibited due to the volatile metabolites of A. fumigatus. The greatest radial growth inhibition of C. lunata and F. moniliforme were noticed in case of T. viride owing to the effect of non-volatile metabolites. On the other hand, the radial growth of C. gloeosporioides and F. nivale were inhibited highest amount for the effect of non-volatile metabolites of A. niger, whereas highest growth inhibition of Mucor sp. and R. solani was observed due to the non-volatile effect of A. fumigatus. The present investigation suggests that the isolates of Aspergillus and Trichoderma may be further exploited as potential biocontrol agents against the fungal pathogens of cotton in field trial. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 46(2): 143-153, December 2020

scholarly journals Development of a Nutrient Medium for the Growth of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Roots by tTissue Culture

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 756E-757
Author(s):  
Yousef I. Dlaigen ◽  
A. E. Said ◽  
M.A. El-Hamady
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Adenine Sulfate ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Difference

Several experiments were conducted in this investigation with the objective of determining the chemical components and the physical state of an optimal medium for the growth and elongation of excised date palm, cv Sukkari, roots. The chemical tests carried out included: Comparison of (MS)-salts with “White's”-salts mixture and different concentrations of (MS)-salts and its chelated iron; sugars; Modified White's Organics; inositol; adenine sulfate; growth regulators; and some antioxidants. The physical tests, on the other hand, included comparison of the growth and elongation of cultured roots in a liquid or on solidified nutrient media. The effects of various pH values were also tested. Roots were cultured in basal nutrient media composed of: (MS)-salts mixture, and (in mg·liter–1): NaH2PO4·H2O, 170; sucrose, 30,000; inositol, 200; Modified White's Organics; adenine sulfate, 120; activated charcoal, 1500; (2,4-D), 1; kinetin, 2. pH was adjusted at 5.7 ± 01. (MS)-salts mixture was found to be superior to “White's”-salts. No significant difference was observed between (1/2MS) and full-strength (MS)-salts. However, twice the concentration was found to be inhibitory. The normal concentration of (MS)-Fe was found to be optimum for root growth and elongation. The optimal concentration most suitable for the growth and elongation of excised date palm roots has been determined for each of: sugars; Modified White's Organics; inositol; and adenine sulfate. The only growth regulator that needs to be added to the nutrient medium is 2,4-D at 0.1–1.0 mg·liter–1. The study showed the importance of the inclusion of activated charcoal to the nutrient medium. The growth and elongation of roots were both stimulated at all concentrations tested. (PVP), on the other hand, was inhibitory at all concentrations tested. Shaken liquid media was recommended for better root growth and elongation at pH 7.0–8.0. Incidentally, the medium developed was found to support the growth and elongation of roots excised from two other cultivars, namely `Khudri' and `Khaias'.

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