Growth, Gas Exchange, and Germination of Several Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Accessions

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Gealy
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Diffusive Resistance ◽  
Field Plots

Growth, development, and germination among jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricaHost. # AEGCY) accessions collected from nine western states were not consistently different in field plots near Pullman, WA, or in the greenhouse. Germination percentage and rate of spikelet germination of all accessions produced in the field and greenhouse were consistently high, averaging about 64% and 5.2 (on a unitless scale of 0 to 7), respectively. The Montana accession germinated consistently less than the others. In a separate greenhouse study comparing only the accessions from Colorado and Nebraska, the accession from Colorado averaged 18, 16, and 15% greater net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal density, respectively, and 21% lower diffusive resistance (rl) than did the accession from Nebraska. However, growth parameters of the Nebraska accession averaged 7 to 35% greater than for the Colorado accession. Overall, the germination, growth, CO2fixation, and water use among accessions appeared to be similar when jointed goatgrass was grown under Pacific Northwest conditions.

Gas Exchange Properties of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Gealy
Keyword(s):  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Diffusive Resistance ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

Net (apparent) photosynthesis rate (Pn) of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricaHost # AEGCY) leaves in the greenhouse became light saturated at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of about 1000 μE·m–1-2·s–1with a maximum Pn of 27 mg CO2·dm–2·h–1. Diffusive resistance to water vapor (rl) of adaxial leaf surfaces was 43% that of abaxial surfaces, in part, because stomatal density was 50% greater on adaxial leaf surfaces than on abaxial surfaces. Dark respiration rate (Rd) was 1.6 mg CO2·dm−2·h−1. Light compensation point (CPl) was 21 μE·m−2·s−1and CO2compensation point (CPc) was 32 ppmv. In the field, where light intensity and temperature were greater than in the greenhouse, leaves became light saturated for Pn at a higher intensity, and Rd and CPl were three times greater than in the greenhouse. Pn and Rd of spikes at anthesis were at least 30% less and 200% greater, respectively, than the values for leaves.

Response of Gas Exchange in Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) to Environmental Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Gealy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Soil Matric Potential ◽  
Dark Respiration Rate ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Gas exchange of jointed goatgrass leaves was affected by temperature, irradiance level, and soil matric potential. Net photosynthesis of leaves under saturating irradiance (PPFD3= 1850 (μE·m–2·s−1) was optimum at about 20 C. At 25 C, net photosynthesis was nearly 90% of maximum at a PPFD of 800 μE·m–2·−1. Transpiration, and presumably water use, increased steadily with temperature from 10 to 40 C. Dark respiration rate and compensation points for light and for CO2increased exponentially, or nearly so, from 10 to 40 C. Soil moisture deficits of −130 kPa reduced net photosynthesis and transpiration by about 30 and 55%, respectively, compared to well-watered plants.

Interspecific Hybridization: Potential for Movement of Herbicide Resistance from Wheat to Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 674-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley D. Hanson ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith ◽  
William J. Price ◽  
Bahman Shafii ◽  
Donald C. Thill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

The transfer of herbicide resistance genes from crops to related species is one of the greatest risks of growing herbicide-resistant crops. The recent introductions of imidazolinone-resistant wheat in the Great Plains and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and research on transgenic glyphosate-resistant wheat have raised concerns about the transfer of herbicide resistance from wheat to jointed goatgrass via introgressive hybridization. Field experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2003 at three locations in Washington and Idaho to determine the frequency and distance that imidazolinone-resistant wheat can pollinate jointed goatgrass and produce resistant F1hybrids. Each experiment was designed as a Nelder wheel with 16 equally spaced rays extending away from a central pollen source of ‘Fidel-FS4’ imidazolinone-resistant wheat. Each ray was 46 m long and contained three rows of jointed goatgrass. Spikelets were collected at maturity at 1.8-m intervals along each ray and subjected to an imazamox screening test. The majority of all jointed goatgrass seeds tested were not resistant to imazamox; however, 5 and 15 resistant hybrids were found at the Pullman, WA, and Lewiston, ID, locations, respectively. The resistant plants were identified at a maximum distance of 40.2 m from the pollen source. The overall frequency of imazamox-resistant hybrids was similar to the predicted frequency of naturally occurring acetolactate synthase resistance in weeds; however, traits with a lower frequency of spontaneous mutations may have a relatively greater risk for gene escape via introgressive hybridization.

Selective Control of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) with Imazamox in Herbicide-Resistant Wheat

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Ball ◽  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Alex G. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Selective Control

Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) is a serious problem for winter wheat producers throughout the western U.S. Interference from this weed can severely reduce grain yield and contaminate harvested grain, resulting in dockage losses. There are currently no selective herbicides registered for controlling jointed goatgrass in wheat. Imazamox, an imidazolinone herbicide, was applied to an imidazolinone herbicide-resistant (IMI) wheat mutant of the winter wheat cultivar ‘Fidel.’ Jointed goatgrass control from spring postemergence application of imazamox ranged from 61 to 97% when applied at 36 g/ha. Negligible crop injury from imazamox treatment was observed at 36 g/ha at several locations under dryland environments in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Wheat yield was increased 19 to 41% by imazamox treatment in three of four experiments. Percent dockage resulting from jointed goatgrass spikelet contamination of harvested wheat grain was eliminated by imazamox treatment. Introduction of the IMI trait into commercial wheat cultivars could provide an effective method for selective control of jointed goatgrass in winter wheat.

Inhibition of Photosynthesis in Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Protoplasts by Metribuzin and its Ethylthio Analog

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Buman ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Alex G. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Inhibition of net photosynthesis of jointed goatgrass and downy brome protoplasts by metribuzin and its ethylthio analog (ethyl-metribuzin) was greater at 25 than at 10 C. As temperature increased from 10 to 25 C, the concentration of ethyl-metribuzin required to inhibit net photosynthesis 50% (I50) decreased by a factor of 3.5 and 4.3, respectively, in jointed goatgrass and downy brome. I50values for metribuzin decreased by a factor of 1.5 and 2.5 in jointed goatgrass and downy brome, respectively, for the same 15 C increase in temperature. Based on I50values at 10 C, metribuzin was nine times more inhibitory than ethyl-metribuzin in jointed goatgrass and eight times more inhibitory in downy brome. At 25 C, metribuzin was only 4.7 and 3.9 times more inhibitory than ethyl-metribuzin in jointed goatgrass and downy brome, respectively. Thus, cold temperatures reduced the activity of ethyl-metribuzin more than metribuzin. The activity of both herbicides was reduced less in protoplasts of jointed goatgrass than in protoplasts of downy brome over the 15 C range.

Lethal Dose (LD50) Fixation and Sensitivity of Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecumL.) to Gamma Radiation for Induction of Mutation

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANURADHA PATEL ◽  
POONAM VERMA ◽  
SHARDA CHOUDHARY ◽  
ARVIND KUMAR VERMA
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Vigour Index ◽  
Small Flower ◽  
Dose Dependent

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecumL.) is an annual crop, mainly used as a spiceand leafy vegetable crop in many parts of the world. Classical breeding in fenugreek is restricted due to its low genetic variability and small flower size which hamper manual emasculation and pollination. Mutation breeding is an effective way to enrich genetic variability in crop plants. An experiment was conducted to determine the lethal dose of the physical mutagen gamma rays in fenugreek. The dry seeds of fenugreek were exposed to different doses of gamma rays i.e. 150Gy, 200Gy, 250Gy, 300Gy and 350Gy. These irradiated seeds were sown in the Petri plates with non-irradiated seeds (control). As the dose of gamma rays increased, there was a decrease in germination percentage, seedling survival, root length, shoot length and vigour index. Among five doses of gamma rays, the maximum seed germination was observed at lowest dose 150Gy (93%), followed by 200Gy (83%), 250Gy (76%), 300Gy (76%) and 350Gy (64%). The seedling survival was decreased from 90% (in control) to 56% in 350Gy dose of gamma rays. The gamma rays dose of 150Gy gave stimulatory effect on seedlings growth. The growth parameters were dose dependent, as the dose of gamma rays increased from 200Gy to 350Gy. The gamma rays dose of 350Gy showed 64% seeds germination and 56% of seedlings survival. Therefore, it is concluded that the LD50 dose for fenugreek is close to 350Gy. This information would be highly useful for initiating mutation breeding programme in fenugreek

scholarly journals Light Quality Affects Water Use of Sweet Basil by Changing Its Stomatal Development

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Sungeun Lim ◽  
Jongyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Stomatal Responses

Different light qualities affect plant growth and physiological responses, including stomatal openings. However, most researchers have focused on stomatal responses to red and blue light only, and the direct measurement of evapotranspiration has not been examined. Therefore, we quantified the evapotranspiration of sweet basil under various red (R), green (G), and blue (B) combinations using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and investigated its stomatal responses. Seedlings were subjected to five different spectral treatments for two weeks at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 µmol m−2 s−1. The ratios of the RGB light intensities were as follows: R 100% (R100), R:G = 75:25 (R75G25), R:B = 75:25 (R75B25), R:G:B = 60:20:20 (R60G20B20), and R:G:B = 31:42:27 (R31G42B27). During the experiment, the evapotranspiration of the plants was measured using load cells. Although there were no significant differences in growth parameters among the treatments, the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher in plants grown under blue LEDs (R75B25, R60G20B20, and R31G42B27) than in the R100 treatment. The amount of water used was different among the treatments (663.5, 726.5, 728.7, 778.0, and 782.1 mL for the R100, R75G25, R60G20B20, R75B25, and R31G42B27 treatments, respectively). The stomatal density was correlated with the blue light intensity (p = 0.0024) and with the combined intensity of green and blue light (p = 0.0029); therefore, green light was considered to promote the stomatal development of plants together with blue light. Overall, different light qualities affected the water use of plants by regulating stomatal conductance, including changes in stomatal density.

Impact of Melatonin on Growth and Antioxidant Activity of Cicer arietinum L. Grown under Arsenic Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Deepali Nagre ◽  
Roseline Xalxo ◽  
Vibhuti Chandrakar ◽  
S. Keshavkant
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Arsenic Stress ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The ability of melatonin to regulate number of physiological and biochemical processes under different environmental stresses has been widely studied in plants. So, this investigation was done to study the protective roles of melatonin on Cicer arietinum L. grown under arsenic stress. Subjecting Cicer arietinum L. seeds to arsenic stress caused significant decreases in germination percentage, radicle growth, biomass accumulation, protein content and activities of antioxidant enzymes. On the other hand, melatonin treatment significantly increased growth parameters and protein quantity via improving antioxidant enzyme systems as compared with their corresponding untreated controls.

scholarly journals The Use of Germination Indices for Salinity Tolerance Classification of Pepper Cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1304
Author(s):  
Gamze Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Germination Indices

The study aimed to evaluate the use of germination indices as a screening tool for salinity tolerance during germination and early seedling growth of pepper cultivars, and to distinguish the potential for genetic responses to salt tolerance. In the study, the seeds of seven pepper cultivars were germinated at increasing NaCl levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS/m and distilled water as the control treatment for 14 days. Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), germination stress tolerance index (GSTI), seedling length (SL), seedling fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) were investigated. Results showed that germination percentage decreased with increasing NaCl levels while the highest germination percentage at 20 dS/m was 92% in BT Burdem with no significant reduction. Seedling growth of pepper cultivars was severely inhibited by increasing salinity stress. SFW was depressed depending on reduction in SL due to increasing NaCl. BT-Burli and BT İnce Sivri were the most tolerant cultivars to NaCl and they were used for genetic resources towards salinity. Seedling growth was much more sensitive to salinity than germination because of the highest percent reduction in seedling growth parameters. Among the parameters, GSTI gave the highest significant correlation coefficient with SL and SFW; indicating that it would be useful for estimating seedling growth. It was concluded that genotypic variation was observed among pepper cultivars for salinity tolerance and GSTI could be used for a predictor for salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF WEED SPEICES AGERATUM CONYZOIDES L. AND CLEOME VISCOSA L. ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF SESAMUM INDICUM L

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Anbarasan R ◽  
Prabhakaran J
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Cleome Viscosa

Various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of aqueous extracts prepared from two weed species namely Ageratum conyzoides L. and Cleome viscosa L. and used for the present experiments to determine their allelopathic potential on growth and developmental changes on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The weed extracts showed an inhibitory effect on germination percentage, root and shoot growth, and fresh and dry weight of sesame seedlings. The extracts of A.conyzoides had more inhibitory effect at 20%concentration,than that of C.viscosa on growth parameters of sesame.

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