Paying for Early Retirement

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Casey
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Income Support ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data ◽  
General Household Survey ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Employer Benefits

ABSTRACTThe paper looks at the relative importance of state benefits, employer benefits and private sources in supporting early retired men. Using data from various administrative sources, the General Household Survey and the Family Expenditure Survey, it shows how the increase in early retirement which occurred between 1979 and 1986 went hand in hand both with a greater reliance on means-tested benefits and a greater reliance on employer benefits. Although the income of the early retired was well above the minimum accorded by the ‘income support’ system, there were major differences between subgroups of the early retired—those dependent solely on state benefits and those with other sources of income, private and personal—and these differences have become more pronounced over time. Finally, the paper looks at the total costs of early retirement: to the state, to employers and to the early retired themselves. Total costs ballooned between 1979 and 1986. Much of the extra expenditure on benefits fell on employers, but the early retired themselves, through accepting a considerable reduction in their income, bore the bulk of the costs of early retirement.

Early Retirement in a Period of High Unemployment

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Laczko ◽  
Angela Dale ◽  
Sara Arber ◽  
G. Nigel Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
General Household Survey

ABSTRACTEarly retirement is a policy for tackling unemployment which is popular among unions, employers and government, but there has been little recent research on its social implications for the individuals concerned. This article examines the reasons given by older men for retiring early and investigates the extent of income poverty in early retirement. Particular attention is paid to how early retirement is defined and to the differences between the early retired, the sick and the unemployed. Using data for men aged 60–64 from the General Household Survey for the years 1980–82 and from the Labour Force Survey of 1983, it is shown that ill-health is a less important reason for retirement than previous studies have suggested and that those who retire early are divided by class, with manual workers being more likely to retire early because of redundancy and more likely to be living on very low incomes than non-manual workers.

Leaving the Parental Home: An Analysis of Early Housing Careers

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gill Jones
Keyword(s):  
Family Of Origin ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Transitional Housing ◽  
Parental Home ◽  
Leaving Home ◽  
National Child Development Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Leaving The Parental Home ◽  
General Household Survey

ABSTRACTPatterns of leaving home vary between classes in terms of the reason for the move, its timing, reversibility of the process, and the type of accommodation entered on leaving the family of origin. The association between leaving home and marriage is seen to be weakening as more young people move into single independent housing prior to marriage. The notion of transitional housing is raised, and it is argued that there will be an increasing demand for such housing, characterised by suitable accommodation for the single, geographically mobile young. The study draws upon evidence in the General Household Survey and the National Child Development Study.

scholarly journals Connectivity in Later Life: The Declining Age Divide in Mobile Cell Phone Ownership

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Gilleard ◽  
Ian Jones ◽  
Paul Higgs
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Connectivity ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Using Data ◽  
General Household Survey

In recent decades changes in social connectivity have become key features in the changing contexts of later life. Communities of propinquity no longer seem to be as determining of social relationships as they once were. Mobile cell phone technology and the Internet have redefined what it means to ‘keep in touch’. Some authors have argued that these new forms of connectivity have created a ‘digital divide’ between those who have become active adopters of these technologies and those who have not. Using data from the British General Household Survey (GHS), we examined trends in mobile phone ownership amongst people over fifty during the period 2000 - 2009. Compared with the pace of change in ownership of other household technologies such as personal computers, dishwashers, fridge freezers and microwave ovens, the take up of mobile phones amongst those aged 50 and over has followed a much sharper rise. Based upon these findings, we suggest a more sceptical stance towards the ICT ‘generational divide’ which needs more detailed interrogation. Future research should consider the possibility that the divide may be a more short lived phenomenon, as successive cohorts of people aged fifty and over are becoming active participants in individualised networked communities.

Co-residence between Adult Children and their Elderly Parents in England and Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Grundy ◽  
Anne Harrop
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Community Care ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Elderly Parent ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
General Household Survey

ABSTRACTCo-residence between adult children aged 35 or more and their elderly parent(s) or parent(s)-in-law has been investigated using data from the Office of the Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Longitudinal Survey and the 1985 General Household Survey supplement on informal carers. Overall 4 per cent of adults lived with a parent or parent-in-law but this proportion varied considerably with age, marital status and gender. Socio-economic differentials in co-residence were also found. These suggested that where the child is the provider of support to an elderly parent co-residence may be associated with socio-economic advantage. Differentials in co-residence rates and differences between co-residence data from the Longitudinal Study (LS) and data on co-resident carers from the General Household Survey (GHS) also point to the important role of elderly people as providers of support to adult children. In conclusion, the implications of these data for policies of community care are considered.

scholarly journals Retirement: Institutional Pathways and Individual Trajectories in Britain and Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette E. Fasang
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sequential Nature ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Women's Retirement

Since the 1970s people have retired increasingly early across advanced societies. Parallel to this trend, numerous institutional early retirement pathways evolved, such as bridge unemployment and pre-retirement schemes. This article compares retirement in Britain and Germany to show how individuals progress through these institutional retirement pathways. The analysis uses longitudinal data and recent innovations in sequence analysis to capture the sequential nature of retirement as a series of transitions over time. As expected, prominent institutional retirement pathways are mirrored in individual retirement trajectories. Beyond these expected patterns, there are pronounced regularities in individual retirement trajectories outside of explicit institutional pathways. The ‘institution of the family’ is an additional powerful force in structuring women's retirement. Access to advantageous institutional retirement pathways is stratified by gender, education, income, and health. The article concludes that specific population groups, particularly women, are systematically excluded from protective institutional early retirement pathways in Britain and Germany.

Does early retirement lead to longer life?

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 739-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOWARD LITWIN
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
National Household Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Risk Ratios ◽  
Lower Mortality Risk

ABSTRACTIt has been claimed, but not empirically supported, that early retirement leads to longer life. The present investigation addressed this question using data from a 1997 Israeli national household survey of adults aged 60 or more years linked to mortality records from the national death registry, for 2004. The study examined the association between early retirement and seven-year all-cause mortality among the population of older Jewish Israelis who were employed prior to or at baseline (N=2,374). Both the timing of retirement and the reasons for exit from the labour force were considered in the analysis. The initial hazard regression models, adjusted by gender and reason for retirement including poor health, showed that early retirees indeed had lower mortality risk ratios than respondents who had retired ‘on time’. When additional variables were controlled in the final analytic model, however, the association between early retirement and mortality was not supported. Older age, male gender, and having been diagnosed with one or more of five major illnesses were all associated with greater risk for mortality. Medium level education and being employed at baseline were associated with lesser mortality risk. Nevertheless, the timing of retirement, viz. early versus normative exit from the workforce, was not related to survival. In sum, the respondents who had prematurely exited the labour force did not benefit from disproportionately longer lives when compared with the respondents who retired ‘on time’.

scholarly journals Deprivation is associated with anxiety and stress. A population-based longitudinal household survey among Chinese adults in Hong Kong

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-214728
Author(s):  
Roger Yat-Nork Chung ◽  
Michael Marmot ◽  
Jonathan Ka-Long Mak ◽  
David Gordon ◽  
Dicken Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundMental illness is a major disease burden in the world and disproportionately affects the socially disadvantaged, but studies on the longitudinal association of poverty with anxiety and stress are rare, especially in Asia. Using data from Hong Kong, we aimed to (1) assess the cross-sectional association of poverty with anxiety and stress at baseline, and (2) to examine whether baseline poverty and change in poverty status over time are associated with a subsequent change in anxiety and stress.MethodsData were obtained from two waves of a territory-wide longitudinal survey in Hong Kong, with sample sizes of n=1970 and n=1224 for baseline and follow-up, respectively. Poverty was measured with a Deprivation Index and income-poverty. Anxiety and stress symptoms were assessed using Chinese Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale—21 Items. We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses on the association of poverty with anxiety and stress.OutcomesDeprivation, but not income-poverty, was significantly associated with both outcomes at baseline. Increased deprivation over time was associated with greater score and increased risk of anxiety and stress. Persistent deprivation over time was associated with greater anxiety and stress, and increased risk of incident anxiety.InterpretationDeprivation could have significant independent effects on anxiety and stress, even after adjusting for the effects of income-poverty. Greater attention should be paid to deprivation in policymaking to tackle the inequalities of mental health problems, especially since stress and anxiety are precursors to more severe forms of mental illness and other comorbidities.

scholarly journals ‘S’-shaped curve: modelling trends in smoking prevalence, uptake and cessation in Great Britain from 1973 to 2016

Thorax ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 875-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Victoria Beard ◽  
Robert West ◽  
Martin Jarvis ◽  
Susan Michie ◽  
Jamie Brown
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Annual Population ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundIt is believed that declines in smoking prevalence naturally slow over time as the smoking population ‘hardens’ and that progress has come primarily from reducing uptake rather than increasing cessation. To address these issues, we undertook the first formal attempt to model the trajectory of smoking prevalence and indices of uptake and cessation in Great Britain from 1973 to 2016.MethodsUsing data from the General Lifestyle Survey between 1973 and 2008, the Integrated Household Survey between 2009 and 2014 and the Annual Population Survey between 2015 and 2016, this study modelled year-on-year changes in smoking prevalence, ever-smoking in 18–24-year-olds as an index of uptake, and quit ratios as an index of cessation.ResultsFor all three outcomes, changes over time were best fitted by what may be broadly characterised as ‘S’-shaped curves: segmented functions characterised by initial rapid progress, a slowing or reversal, then renewed progress. Smoking prevalence in Great Britain showed a decelerating decline over time between 1973 and 2000, but then, after the introduction of the National ‘Smoking Kills’ tobacco control plan, the decline accelerated again and has remained nearly linear at −0.67 percentage points per year. Ever-smoking showed a decelerating decline which eventually ceased and began increasing around 1994 but then declined again after 2000. Quit ratios rose rapidly then slowed and then accelerated around 2000 and again more recently in 2013.ConclusionLong-term trends in smoking prevalence, uptake and cessation have followed a broadly ‘S’-shaped trend suggesting that they are responsive to major tobacco control initiatives. The decline in prevalence has resulted both from reductions in uptake and increases in cessation.

scholarly journals The Transmission of Work Centrality within the Family in a Cross-Regional Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 682 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Kittel ◽  
Fabian Kalleitner ◽  
Panos Tsakloglou
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Parental Influence ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Work Centrality ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Using Data

Young adults’ work values evolve as they are socialized into education and work. We study a core concept of work values, work centrality, and distinguish between an extrinsic dimension, that is, the relative importance of work; and an intrinsic dimension, that is, nonfinancial employment commitment. Using data collected by the CUPESSE project on two generations of families in nine European countries, we explore the congruence of work values between parents and adolescents and the effect of the regional-level social and economic context on young adults’ work values. We find, first, that parental influence is the most robust determinant of extrinsic and intrinsic work centrality in adolescents. Second, the relative importance of work to young women varies across regions, but the variation is explained in part by female labor force participation rates in those regions. Third, differing patterns of extrinsic and intrinsic work centrality across European regions are explained, in part, by gender, education, and subjective financial satisfaction.

scholarly journals Sikap Menghormati Orang Tua Melalui Refleksi Keluaran 20:12 Demi Terwujudnya Kesejahteraan Lansia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Piter Imanson Damanik ◽  
Marta Regina Silvi Simanungkalit ◽  
Martina Novalina
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Community Environment ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
The Family ◽  
Over Time

Honoring one's parents is the fifth of the ten commandments of God found in the book of Exodus. Over time, the attitude of respect for parents has decreased which is quite alarming. This is marked by the emergence of phenomena and cases that occur in neglected elderly and do not receive adequate services by their families and relatives around them. This study aims to provide an understanding and implications of the text output 20:12 so that readers have more respect for the elderly in the family and community environment. The method used is qualitative with a literature study approach related to the attitude of respect for the elderly contained in Exodus 20:12 to explain how to respect parents, especially the elderly. The results obtained are that Exodus 20:12 reflects the true respect for the elderly where it can be a guide for the welfare of the elderly in Indonesia, especially the Christian elderly. This respect is realized through the understanding that children as part of the family are not only supportive as a support system from the physical side but also spiritually.

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