Demanding Activation

Abstract Generally speaking, media is extensively used as the means to disseminate news and information pertaining to business, social, political and religious concerns. A portion of the time and space of media has now become an important device to generate economic and social activities that include advertising, marketing, recreation and entertainment. The Government regards them as an essential form of relaying news and information to its citizens and at the same time utilizes them as a powerful public relations’ mechanism. The effects of media are many and diverse, which can either be short or long term depending on the news and information. The effects of media can be found on various fronts, ranging from the political, economic and social, to even religious spheres. Some of the negative effects arising from the media are cultural and social influences, crimes and violence, sexual obscenities and pornography as well as liberalistic and extreme ideologies. This paper sheds light on these issues and draws principles from Islam to overcome them. Islam as revealed to humanity contains the necessary guidelines to nurture and mould the personality of individuals and shape them into good servants. Key Words: Media, Negative Effects, Means, Islam and Principles. Abstrak Secara umum, media secara meluas digunakan sebagai sarana untuk menyebarkan berita dan maklumat yang berkaitan dengan perniagaan, kemasyarakatan, pertimbangan politik dan agama. Sebahagian dari ruang dan masa media kini telah menjadi peranti penting untuk menghasilkan kegiatan ekonomi dan sosial yang meliputi pengiklanan, pemasaran, rekreasi dan hiburan. Kerajaan menganggap sarana-sarana ini sebagai wadah penting untuk menyampaikan berita dan maklumat kepada warganya dan pada masa yang sama juga menggunakannya sebagai mekanisme perhubungan awam yang berpengaruh. Pengaruh media sangat banyak dan pelbagai, samada berbentuk jangka pendek atau panjang bergantung kepada berita dan maklumat yang brekenaan. Kesan dari media boleh didapati mempengaruhi pelbagai aspek, bermula dari bidang politik, ekonomi, sosial bahkan juga agama. Beberapa kesan negatif yang timbul dari media ialah pengaruhnya terhadap budaya dan sosial, jenayah dan keganasan, kelucahan seksual dan pornografi serta ideologi yang liberal dan ekstrim. Kertas ini menyoroti isu-isu ini dan cuba mengambil prinsip-prinsip dari ajaran Islam untuk mengatasinya. Tujuan Islam itu sendiri diturunkan kepada umat manusia ialah untuk menjadi pedoman yang diperlukan untuk membina dan membentuk keperibadian individu dan menjadikan manusia hamba yang taat kepada Tuhannya. Kata Kunci: Media, Kesan Negatif, Cara-cara, Islam dan Prinsip-prinsip.

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Effects of alternative and natural prey on body size, locomotion and dispersal of Neoseiulus bicaudus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.24.9.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (9) ◽

pp. 1579-1591

Author(s):

Jie Su ◽

Min Liu ◽

Zhen-Shi Fu ◽

An-Di Zhu ◽

Jian Ping Zhang

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Prey Availability ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Predatory Mite ◽

The Body ◽

Alternative Prey ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Natural Prey ◽

Tetranychus Turkestani

Prey are very important for the mass rearing of natural enemies and can affect the efficiency and quality of natural enemy products. Locomotion is important in dispersal of predatory mites on plants, and such activity is affected by body size and prey availability. The study evaluates the effects of prey (alternative prey: Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank and natural prey: Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolskii) on the body size, locomotion and dispersal of the predatory mite Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein. When fed the alternative prey, the body size and locomotion of N. bicaudus were significantly lower than when fed the natural prey. However, the dispersal of N. bicaudus fed the two prey types was similar. The results suggest that long-term feeding on alternative prey could decrease the body size and locomotion of N. bicaudus. Nevertheless, the negative effects of alternative prey did not appear to affect the dispersal of N. bicaudus. The likely reason is that the type of prey does not affect the ability of the predatory mite to locate spider mites. In other words, when it fed alternative prey, N. bicaudus could still successfully disperse and locate spider mite-infested plants in the same way as when fed the natural prey.

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Ambiguous effects of minimum wage tool of labour markets regulation – key study of V4 countries

10.52950/es.2021.10.2.004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 58-85

Author(s):

Emilie Jasova ◽

Emilie Jasova

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Minimum Wage ◽

Economic Regulation ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Wage Change ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Low Sensitivity ◽

Oecd Data

In this paper we analyze the effect of minimum wage change on selected labour market indicators such as duration of employment, hours worked, unemployment by education or profession or long-term unemployment. Our research is based on Eurostat and OECD data for V4 countries. The hypothesis discussed is whether the effect of minimum wage increase is positive or negative and we discuss the issue of economic regulation more generally. The output values of the regressions coefficients of all the V4 countries showed that the effects are more positive than negative. Mapping the overall intensity of effects of the minimum wage on selected indicator of the labour market in the Czech Republic and Hungary indicated a low sensitivity. The effects were very weak in Slovakia and Poland. The results of the analysis complied with the results of the domestic and international research in 13 cases and the results were different in 6 cases. Slightly more often they confirmed more positive effects of the minimum wage on selected indicators of the labour market than negative effects.

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Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market: a comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-term sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark

Journal of European Social Policy ◽

10.1177/0958928711425265 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 30-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

David Etherington ◽

Jo Ingold

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Labour Market ◽

Sickness Benefit ◽

Welfare To Work ◽

The Uk

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RELATIONSHIP OF ADOLESCENTS BEHAVIOR TO CONSUMPTION OF SOFT DRINKS IN SMPN 5 PEKANBARU YEAR 2016

Photon: Jurnal Sain dan Kesehatan ◽

10.37859/jp.v7i02.503 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 7 (02) ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Alhidayati ◽

Nurhapipa ◽

Rahma Putri

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Calcium Deficiency ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

The Body ◽

P Value ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Behavior consumption of soft drinks are the actions or deeds regarding how often consume soft drinks per week is calculated. Carbonated drinks consumption habits will have a negative impact when it accumulates in the long term. Have been many studies that explain the negative effects of soft drinks, including carcinogenic benzene in soft drinks is very high, high phosphate content of vital minerals in the body that can trigger heart disease (magnesiumdeficiency), osteoporosis (calcium deficiency) and more. Based on the survey results of the sale of soft drinks in the cafeteria, 5 schools with the highest sales level, is SMP N 5 Pekanbaru selling 6-7 boxes per month. This type of research is quantitative with cross sectional design which was held on 16-18 May 2016 in SMP N 5 Pekanbaru. The population of this research is all student grades 7 and 8 SMP N 5 Pekanbaru which amounted to 541 people, with a sample size of 115 people. Data collected technique by stratified random sampling use questionnaire measuring instrument. Univariate data analysis and use your bivariate chi-square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between the knowledge obtained value (p value = 0.001 value POR = 2.14), Effect of friends (p value = 0.006 value POR = 3.45), Access (p value = 0.029 value POR = 2.70), And advertisement (p value = 0:01 value POR = 3.20) with the consumption of soft drinks. Suggested to the relevant instance, that is SMP N 5 Pekanbaru to provide education and information to as many students on the impact of consuming soft drinks for health when consumed in the long term and excessive, and form healthy canteen, or supervise the beverage products , to minimize the beverage products are bad for health.

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Long-term Labour Market and Economic Consequences of School Exclusions in England: Evidence from Two Counterfactual Approaches

10.31235/osf.io/wjr3f ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joan Eliel Madia ◽

Ingrid Obsuth ◽

Harry Daniels ◽

Ian Thompson ◽

Aja Louise Murray

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Negative Effects ◽

School Exclusion ◽

Steps Survey ◽

Long Term Impact ◽

The Impact

Background. Previous research suggests that school exclusion during childhood is a precursor to social exclusion in adulthood. Past literature on the consequences of school exclusion is, however, scarce and mainly focused on short term outcomes such as educational attainment, delinquency, and mental health in early adolescence. Moreover, this evidence is based primarily on descriptive and correlational analysis, whereas robust causal evidence is required to best inform policy.Aims. We aimed to estimate the mid-to-long-term impact of school exclusion on labour market and economic outcomes.Sample. The sample included 6632 young people who at the age of 25/26 in the year 2015 participated in the Next Steps survey of whom 86 were expelled from school and 711 were suspended between the ages of 13/14 and 16/17.Method. Using high quality existing longitudinal data, we utilised four approaches to evaluate the impact of school exclusion: logistic regression-adjustment models, propensity score matching, school fixed-effects analysis, and inverse propensity weighting. The latter two counterfactual approaches were used to estimate causal effects.Results. We found that school exclusion increased the risk of becoming NEET at the age of 19/20, and then remaining economically inactive at the age of 25/26, as well as experiencing higher unemployment risk and earning lower wages also at the age of 25/26.Conclusion. School exclusion has pervasive negative effects into adulthood. Policy interventions should focus on both prevention and mitigating its negative effects. Interventions aimed at re-integrating excluded individuals into education or vocational training could be key in reducing the risk of poor socio-economic outcomes and social exclusion.

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Does beauty have a price? The impact of a conceptualization of beauty on the price placebo effect in Turkey compared to New Zealand

10.26686/wgtn.12786635 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Djavlonbek Kadirov ◽

C Raju ◽

A Bardakcı ◽

N Madak ◽

M Saud Khan

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Placebo Effect ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Body ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Western Values ◽

Different Cultures ◽

The Impact

© 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose: Marketers of beauty products capitalize on consumers’ perception of beauty to enact a price placebo effect through setting high prices to insinuate a superior performing product. Yet, in the context of growing alternative beauty movements emphasizing inner beauty and self-acceptance, little is known on how the effect of price on a product’s perceived effectiveness and satisfaction is bounded by different modes of beauty conceptualization (BC). Hence, this study aims to investigate how distinct perceptions of beauty impact the effectiveness-based and satisfaction-based price placebo effects in Muslim-majority markets such as Turkey compared to markets largely driven by Western values such as New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach: This research is based on a quasi-experimental factorial design based on the manipulation of the level of price for a beauty product and the observation of the extent of BC. The sample included 144 participants from Turkey and 147 participants from New Zealand. Findings: This research finds that the manipulation of the price (low vs high) equally activates the effectiveness-centered price placebo effect in both countries. When expectations are taken into account, the (satisfaction-based) price placebo effect is non-existent in New Zealand, while in Turkey the higher price leads to an opposite effect: a significant decrease in satisfaction. It is also found that the effect of price on effectiveness is moderated by BC. In both countries, the price placebo effect is activated only when consumers narrowly conceptualize beauty, while this effect does not hold for broad conceptualizers. The effect of BC on the price placebo appears to be stronger in New Zealand in comparison to Turkey. Practical implications: Marketing managers’ awareness of different perceptions of beauty and how these may influence the price placebo effect in different cultures would allow them to decide what strategies are most appropriate for different groups of customers. For example, by pursuing the movement toward inner beauty and its broad conceptualization, high-end brands are likely to compromise opportunities to capitalize on the price placebo effect. On the other hand, this alternative perspective may cultivate profound satisfaction in the long-term. Social implications: The price placebo effect disappears when people conceptualize beauty from a broad (inner) perspective. This suggests that public policymakers, to counteract the negative effects of misleading marketing and to create fair exchanges, must promote broad BC in society. Originality/value: This study contributes to the body of the existing research on price placebo by offering unique insights into the boundary conditions of the price placebo effect underscored by BC in two distinct cultural-religious settings. Also, it proposes two different variations of price placebo, namely, effectiveness-centered vs satisfaction-centered. From a methodological point of view, it is the first project in the Islamic marketing discipline that applies the Islamic perspective on causality.

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Does beauty have a price? The impact of a conceptualization of beauty on the price placebo effect in Turkey compared to New Zealand

10.26686/wgtn.12786635.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Djavlonbek Kadirov ◽

C Raju ◽

A Bardakcı ◽

N Madak ◽

M Saud Khan

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Placebo Effect ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Body ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Western Values ◽

Different Cultures ◽

The Impact

© 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose: Marketers of beauty products capitalize on consumers’ perception of beauty to enact a price placebo effect through setting high prices to insinuate a superior performing product. Yet, in the context of growing alternative beauty movements emphasizing inner beauty and self-acceptance, little is known on how the effect of price on a product’s perceived effectiveness and satisfaction is bounded by different modes of beauty conceptualization (BC). Hence, this study aims to investigate how distinct perceptions of beauty impact the effectiveness-based and satisfaction-based price placebo effects in Muslim-majority markets such as Turkey compared to markets largely driven by Western values such as New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach: This research is based on a quasi-experimental factorial design based on the manipulation of the level of price for a beauty product and the observation of the extent of BC. The sample included 144 participants from Turkey and 147 participants from New Zealand. Findings: This research finds that the manipulation of the price (low vs high) equally activates the effectiveness-centered price placebo effect in both countries. When expectations are taken into account, the (satisfaction-based) price placebo effect is non-existent in New Zealand, while in Turkey the higher price leads to an opposite effect: a significant decrease in satisfaction. It is also found that the effect of price on effectiveness is moderated by BC. In both countries, the price placebo effect is activated only when consumers narrowly conceptualize beauty, while this effect does not hold for broad conceptualizers. The effect of BC on the price placebo appears to be stronger in New Zealand in comparison to Turkey. Practical implications: Marketing managers’ awareness of different perceptions of beauty and how these may influence the price placebo effect in different cultures would allow them to decide what strategies are most appropriate for different groups of customers. For example, by pursuing the movement toward inner beauty and its broad conceptualization, high-end brands are likely to compromise opportunities to capitalize on the price placebo effect. On the other hand, this alternative perspective may cultivate profound satisfaction in the long-term. Social implications: The price placebo effect disappears when people conceptualize beauty from a broad (inner) perspective. This suggests that public policymakers, to counteract the negative effects of misleading marketing and to create fair exchanges, must promote broad BC in society. Originality/value: This study contributes to the body of the existing research on price placebo by offering unique insights into the boundary conditions of the price placebo effect underscored by BC in two distinct cultural-religious settings. Also, it proposes two different variations of price placebo, namely, effectiveness-centered vs satisfaction-centered. From a methodological point of view, it is the first project in the Islamic marketing discipline that applies the Islamic perspective on causality.

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Defining the Competence of Psychologists with a View to Public Accountability *

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040.2.4.293 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 293-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ype H. Poortinga ◽

Ingrid Lunt

Keyword(s):

Scientific Knowledge ◽

Professional Training ◽

Professional Competence ◽

Codes Of Ethics ◽

The Body ◽

The European Union ◽

Rigorous Evaluation ◽

Judicial Proceedings ◽

Psychological Knowledge

In national codes of ethics the practice of psychology is presented as rooted in scientific knowledge, professional skills, and experience. However, it is not self-evident that the body of scientific knowledge in psychology provides an adequate basis for current professional practice. Professional training and experience are seen as necessary for the application of psychological knowledge, but they appear insufficient to defend the soundness of one's practices when challenged in judicial proceedings of a kind that may be faced by psychologists in the European Union in the not too distant future. In seeking to define the basis for the professional competence of psychologists, this article recommends taking a position of modesty concerning the scope and effectiveness of psychological interventions. In many circumstances, psychologists can only provide partial advice, narrowing down the range of possible courses of action more by eliminating unpromising ones than by pointing out the most correct or most favorable one. By emphasizing rigorous evaluation, the profession should gain in accountability and, in the long term, in respectability.

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STUDIES IN THE SUPPOSED GOITROGENOUS EFFECT OF TAP WATER IN HELSINKI

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.xxxiii0630 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol XXXIII (IV) ◽

pp. 630-636

Author(s):

F.-E. Krusius ◽

P. Peltola

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Iodine Uptake ◽

Redistilled Water ◽

Detectable Difference ◽

Term Administration ◽

Long Term Experiment

ABSTRACT The study reported here was performed in order to examine the tap water of Helsinki for its alleged goitrogenous effect. In a short-term, 24-hour experiment with rats, kept on an iodine-poor diet, we noticed no inhibition of the 4-hour 131I uptake, as compared with that of animals receiving physiological saline instead of tap water. Two similar groups of rats receiving 1 and 2 mg of mercazole in redistilled water showed a distinct blockage of the 4-hour uptake, which proved the effect of this substance. In a long-term experiment of 5 weeks' duration there was no detectable difference in the body weight, thyroid weight and the 4-hour 131I uptake when the rats receiving tap water or distilled water to which 0.45 per cent of sodium chloride was added were compared with each other. Replacement of tap water by a 10 mg per cent solution of mercazole in redistilled water enlarged the thyroid to double its normal weight and increased the 131I uptake to approximately five times that of the controls. Thus our experiments failed to demonstrate any goitrogenous effect in the tap water of Helsinki. Changes similar to those produced by a long-term administration of mercazole, i. e. an enlargement of the thyroid and an increased thyroidal iodine uptake, have been shown to be due to milk collected from goitrous areas. The observations here reported confirm the importance of milk in the genesis of the goitre endemia of Helsinki. Attention is further called to the fact that a thyroidal enlargement combined with an increased thyroidal iodine uptake cannot always be taken as a sign of iodine deficiency because similar changes may be produced by the administration of goitrogens.

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