Radio Astronomy and the Radio Regulations

The Status ◽

The Universe ◽

Higher Sensitivity

This article gives a brief introduction to the status of radio astronomy within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the body which coordinates global telecommunications. Radio astronomy entered the ITU arena in 1959 as a relative latecomer. By its nature, radio astronomy does not fit into the ITU system very well: regulators are hoping to facilitate commercial development of the radio spectrum, whereas astronomers are hoping to retain quiet frequency bands through which to study the Universe at ever higher sensitivity. Nevertheless there are major long-term goals which radio astronomers can realistically hope to achieve via the ITU in the years ahead, including more favourable frequency allocations and better regulatory protection. The prospects for radio astronomy at the forthcoming World Radio Conference WRC-2000 are reviewed. It is vital that radio astronomers participate in force at this WRC.

Radio quiet, please! – protecting radio astronomy from interference

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921311002675 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 5 (S260) ◽

pp. 457-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

W. van Driel

Keyword(s):

Radio Astronomy ◽

Radio Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Management ◽

Frequency Bands ◽

Regulatory Limits ◽

Regulatory Bodies ◽

Precious Resource ◽

Regulatory Measures

AbstractThe radio spectrum is a finite and increasingly precious resource for astronomical research, as well as for other spectrum users. Keeping the frequency bands used for radio astronomy as free as possible of unwanted Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is crucial. The aim of spectrum management, one of the tools used towards achieving this goal, includes setting regulatory limits on RFI levels emitted by other spectrum users into the radio astronomy frequency bands. This involves discussions with regulatory bodies and other spectrum users at several levels – national, regional and worldwide. The global framework for spectrum management is set by the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union, which has defined that interference is detrimental to radio astronomy if it increases the uncertainty of a measurement by 10%. The Radio Regulations are revised every three to four years, a process in which four organisations representing the interests of the radio astronomical community in matters of spectrum management (IUCAF, CORF, CRAF and RAFCAP) participate actively. The current interests and activities of these four organisations range from preserving what has been achieved through regulatory measures, to looking far into the future of high frequency use and giant radio telescope use.

International Telecommunication Union

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300017215 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 646-647

Keyword(s):

Assignment Problem ◽

Frequency Assignment ◽

Atlantic City ◽

Frequency Allocation ◽

Frequency Assignment Problem ◽

International Telecommunication

The seventh session of the Administrative Council of the International Tele-communication Union met in Geneva from April 21 to June 6, 1952. The council studied the report of the Extraordinary Administrative Conference held at the end of 1951 in Geneva, considered that the conference had contributed greatly to the solution of the frequency assignment problem, accepted the extensive long-term responsibilities resulting from the agreements that the conference had adopted and decided to examine at each of its sessions until 1956 arrangements for the final implementation of the Atlantic City Frequency Allocation Table. Decisions were not unanimously taken, because a minority of the delegates were of the opinion that the principles adopted since 1948 for the preparation of a new international frequency list were “fallacious” and that the problem should be tackled from another angle.

Space wavelengths will be contested globally

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db207529 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Control Systems ◽

Status Quo ◽

Basic Principles ◽

Content Type ◽

Political Interests ◽

The World ◽

The Status ◽

Aerial Vehicle

Subject Implications of the WRC-15 meeting on space. Significance The latest meeting of the UN International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15), closed on November 27. The WRC-15 set out the basic principles for allocating international communications spectra for the next four years, affecting telecommunications operators in 193 member states. It also responded to growing demands for satellite-based airliner flight tracking. However, a number of uncertainties affecting some aspects of space-based communications, including Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) control systems, were not resolved. Impacts The ITU-led international regime will come under increasing pressure from commercial interests. It will also face challenges from political interests dissatisfied with the status quo. As a result the ITU system will struggle to maintain consensus on space-related issues.

The effect of body condition of gilts at first mating on long-term sow production

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600031111 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 144-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C M Challinor ◽

G Dams ◽

B Edwards ◽

W H Close

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

The Body ◽

Backfat Thickness ◽

Reproductive Efficiency ◽

Commercial Development ◽

Commercial Trial ◽

Development Unit ◽

Long Term Performance ◽

Term Performance

The body condition of the gilt at first mating may have a significant effect upon its lifetime reproductive performance. (Gueblez et al, 1985). Gaughan et al (1995), have recently demonstrated that gilts with low backfat thickness (9- 13mm) had fewer litters and weaned fewer piglets than gilts with medium (14-16mm) and high (>17mm) levels. The extent to which variations in both body weight and backfat thickness of gilts at first mating influence long-term reproductive efficiency has been further investigated in a commercial trial at the JSR Commercial Development Unit, Catwick. The overall objective of the trial was to assess the long-term performance of modern pig genotypes under commercial conditions.

Mobile Portals

Encyclopedia of Portal Technologies and Applications ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-989-2.ch099 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 587-593

Author(s):

Ofir Turel ◽

Alexander Serenko

Keyword(s):

Service Providers ◽

Mobile Services ◽

The Body ◽

First Century ◽

Mobile Service ◽

Service Users ◽

Body Of Knowledge ◽

High Penetration

The diffusion of mobile services is one of important technological phenomena of the twenty-first century (Dholakia & Dholakia, 2003). According to the International Telecommunication Union,1 the number of mobile service users had exceeded 1.5 billion individual subscribers by early 2005. This represents around one-quarter of the world’s population. The introduction of .mobi, a new top-level domain,2 is expected to further facilitate the usage of mobile services. Because of their high penetration rates, mobile services have received cross-disciplinary academic attention (e.g., Ruhi & Turel, 2005; Serenko & Bontis, 2004; Turel, Serenko & Bontis, 2007; Turel, 2006; Turel & Serenko, 2006; Turel & Yuan, 2006; Turel et al., 2006). While the body of knowledge on mobile services in general is growing (Krogstie, Lyytinen, Opdahl, Pernici, Siau, & Smolander, 2004), there seems to be a gap in our understanding of a basic, yet important service that mobile service providers offer, namely mobile portals (m-portals).

Situational Analysis of the Status of E-Agriculture in Tamil Nadu, India

E-Agriculture and Rural Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-2655-3.ch011 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 118-139

Author(s):

P Senthil Priya ◽

N. Mathiyalagan

Keyword(s):

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Information Needs ◽

Knowledge Society ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Situational Analysis ◽

The Status

In recent years, there is scarcely any field in the various sectors of the world economy that has not been influenced by the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT), and the field of agriculture is no exception. Within the past decade, many projects have been implemented by governments, private sector, and NGOs in developing countries to streamline the production, storage, selection of markets, and commercialization of agricultural commodities. These new ICT have opened up numerous opportunities for the farmers to increase the timeliness, quality, relevance, availability, and accessibility of critical agricultural information. The UN International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates that one billion people worldwide – most of whom depend in some way on agriculture for their livelihoods – still lack connection to any kind of ICT. Indian farmers face competition from global forces and the usage of ICT tools. Advances in ICT help farmers to access accurate, timely, relevant information and services, thereby facilitating an environment for more remunerative agricultural practices to meet the new challenges. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the existing rural agrarian digital divide in Tamilnadu, India. The chapter describes the information needs, ICT access, and new opportunities for farmers in rural Tamilnadu. The chapter also examines the status of E-Agriculture in Tamilnadu and the ICT interventions that are available to Tamilnadu farmers. The study outlines the emerging opportunities for rural farmer’ participation in the knowledge society and offers some guidance on how the farmers can take advantage of ICT and utilize the information management system to derive maximum benefit out of the technology.

Radio Astronomy and the International Telecommunications Regulations

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900164125 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 196 ◽

pp. 209-219

Author(s):

Brian Robinson

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

Radio Astronomy ◽

League Of Nations ◽

Hard Work ◽

Frequency Bands ◽

International Telecommunications ◽

Year 2000

For forty years radio astronomers have had access to frequency bands allocated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - initially a League of Nations body (from 1919) and then a United Nations body (since 1945). Hard work and skilful negotiation by a handful of radio astronomers since 1959 have ensured viable access to scarce spectral allocations. There have been many battles won, some key battles lost. The next treaty conference of the ITU is in the year 2000.

Radio Astronomy and the CCIR

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100004115 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 112 ◽

pp. 288-295

Author(s):

Vernon Pankonin

Keyword(s):

Radio Astronomy ◽

Study Groups ◽

Space Research ◽

Study Group ◽

Consultative Committee ◽

Special Event ◽

Technical Advice ◽

Group 2

ABSTRACTThe International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) is a permanent organization within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The purpose of the CCIR is to provide technical advice to the ITU and its various organs and members on the characteristics of the radio services which are governed by the International Radio Regulations, a product of the ITU. This is accomplished through reports and recommendations which may result from the regularly scheduled meetings of the CCIR or from meetings convened to prepare for a special event such as an upcoming World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC). The CCIR is divided into Study Groups. Study Group 2 covers Space Research and Radioastronomy. This paper describes the interactions of radio astronomers with Study Group 2. The radio astronomy related Study Questions currently before this Study Group are delineated, and the nature of the active reports and recommendations are discussed.

Survey on the Research Challenges of Radio Resource Management in LTE-A and the Current Proposed Solutions for these Challenges

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY ◽

10.24297/ijct.v7i3.3442 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 626-637

Author(s):

Huthaifa Al-Jaradat ◽

Kumbesan Sandrasegaran

Keyword(s):

Resource Management ◽

Packet Scheduling ◽

Radio Resource Management ◽

Interference Management ◽

Radio Resource ◽

Lte Advanced ◽

Technical Challenges

Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-Advanced) has been recently submitted by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as one of the candidates 4G technologies. LTE-Advanced is expected to outperform its predecessor (i.e. LTE) by providing data rate up to 1Gbps and 500 Mbps in the downlink and uplink directions, respectively, also by supporting higher speed mobility (i.e. 500 km/h). In order to allow such advances in the performance, Radio Resource Management (RRM) must be effectively utilized. This paper studies the technical challenges associated with some of the RRM tasks (including Packet scheduling, interference management and handover control), in addition it presents from the open literature some of the proposed solutions to these technical challenges.

The B3-VLA Sample

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900081705 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 519-521

Author(s):

M. Vigotti ◽

S.G. Djorgovski ◽

L. Gregorini ◽

U. Klein ◽

K.H. Mack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Selection Effect ◽

Radio Galaxies ◽

Observational Cosmology ◽

Distant Object ◽

The Status ◽

Successful Approach ◽

The Universe ◽

Luminosity Evolution ◽

Radio Power

The use of radio sources to identify the most distant object in the Universe has been proved to be a very successful approach in observational cosmology. Studies of high flux, powerful 3CR and 1-Jy galaxies show dramatic evidence for color and luminosity evolution, reaching to look-back times 80% of the Hubble time. In order to disentangle the selection effect, correlation with redshift, and correlation with radio power, it is necessary to obtain well defined, complete samples of radio galaxies at a large range of redshifts, and with a wide baseline of radio power. We need the identifications of complete samples in the flux range of a factor 10 smaller than 3CR sample. The B3VLA sample (Vigotti et al. 1989) is a subset of 1050 sources selected in restricted areas at high galactic latitudes from the B3 survey, which is complete down to S(408 MHz) = 100 mJy. For the B3VLA sample detailed VLA maps were obtained at 1.4 GHz using A, C and D arrays. We are conducting a long-term effort to provide optical ID's and redshifts for well-defined, complete subsamples of the B3VLA survey (Djorgovski et al. 1990, Vigotti et al. 1990, Thompson et al., 1994), a similar effort is being conducted independently by others. We present here the “status of the art” for the B3VLA sample: a new low flux sample of 124 QSS selected at meter wavelenghts, a sample of 194 radio galaxies (77 with measured redshift) and a sample of 732 Empty Fields (EF : no optical counterpart on POSS I plate).