Questions of Lebanon

Worldview ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Avi Shlaim
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Political Program ◽  
Real Change ◽  
Religious Parties ◽  
Election Results ◽  
One Year ◽  
Land Of Israel

The second government formed by Menachem Begin, following the Likud party's narrow victory in the June, 1981, elections, represented a real change in Israeli foreign policy. Dominated by a group of hard-liners committed to the ideology of "Greater Israel" and powered by a drive for regional hegemony, this government led Israel along a nationalistic and militant course, culminating within one year in a full-scale invasion of Lebanon. The election results, which gave the Likud 48 seats in the new Knesset compared with the Labor party's 47, hardly provided an unequivocal mandate for the pursuit of Begin's far-reaching political program, a program that can be summed up in the two words Eretz Yisrael—the whole land of Israel. Nor could a coalition with the religious parties, which commanded a wafer-thin majority of 61 in the 120-member Knesset, be considered a natural vehicle for bringing about such a radical change in foreign policy.

Diversionary Politics and Territorial Disputes: Evidence from Turkish Airspace Incursions

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Mehrl ◽  
Ioannis Choulis
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
Territorial Dispute ◽  
Monthly Data

Abstract Diversionary theories of interstate conflict suggest that domestic problems push leaders to initiate hostilities against foreign foes in order to garner support. However, the empirical support for this proposition is mixed as critics point out that leaders should not start conflicts that can be extremely costly for them, potentially even removing them from office. We propose that while leaders may not initiate new conflicts, they do tap into existing territorial disputes when facing internal disapproval. That is, they engage in material acts of foreign policy showing domestic audiences that they defend or emphasize their country's claim while being unlikely to result in full-scale armed confrontations. To test this claim, we use monthly data, covering the period 2013–2020, on leader approval and incursions into contested airspace from Turkey's long-standing territorial dispute with Greece. Results from time-series models offer support for our expectation.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Digestion and Removal of Sulfamethoxazole, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Their Antibiotic Resistance Genes in a Full-Scale Biogas Plant

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Andrea Visca ◽  
Anna Barra Caracciolo ◽  
Paola Grenni ◽  
Luisa Patrolecco ◽  
Jasmin Rauseo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Anaerobic Digesters ◽  
One Year

Anaerobic digestion is one of the best ways to re-use animal manure and agricultural residues, through the production of combustible biogas and digestate. However, the use of antibiotics for preventing and treating animal diseases and, consequently, their residual concentrations in manure, could introduce them into anaerobic digesters. If the digestate is applied as a soil fertilizer, antibiotic residues and/or their corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) could reach soil ecosystems. This work investigated three common soil emerging contaminants, i.e., sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), their ARGs sul1, sul2, qnrS, qepA, aac-(6′)-Ib-cr and the mobile genetic element intI1, for one year in a full scale anaerobic plant. Six samplings were performed in line with the 45-day hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the anaerobic plant, by collecting input and output samples. The overall results show both antibiotics and ARGs decreased during the anaerobic digestion process. In particular, SMX was degraded by up to 100%, ENR up to 84% and CIP up to 92%, depending on the sampling time. In a similar way, all ARGs declined significantly (up to 80%) in the digestate samples. This work shows how anaerobic digestion can be a promising practice for lowering antibiotic residues and ARGs in soil.

Industrial-Scale Applications of Fixed Biomass on the Mediterranean Seaboard. Design, Operating Results

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gilles
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Pollutant Loads ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
One Year

The technology that consists of treating sewage on submerged granular filters is now far beyond the stages of research and testing on pilot units. Fifteen or so full-scale facilities are in operation in France using, as a biological treatment stage, the fixed biomass technology as realised by the Biocarbone process, particularly for the treatment of sewage from built-up areas along the seaboard. These are cases where the advantages of this technique can be put to decisive use. The Mediterranean seaboard is an ideal site for this technology. Cases in point are the waterworks of Sanary Bandol (pop.60,000) and Perpignan (pop.160,000), that have been in operation for two years and one year respectively. Waterworks in Monaco (pop.100,000) and Antibes (pop.170,000) will be commissioned in 1989 using the same technology. Results obtained during intensive controls show that the fixed biomass, designed with a suitable industrial technology, is capable of producing in routine conditions, on full industrial-scale plant, a very good quality effluent. (COD : 70 mg/l, TSS : 20 mg/l) for pollutant loads in the order of 8 kg COD/m3 day. It enables the fluctuations in the daily flow-rate and pollution load of the influent to be absorbed. The units currently being built are examples of what can be done in compact roofed facilities incorporating a fixed biomass treatment stage, with the objective of reaching a no-nuisance level.

Revisionist Conflict and State Repression

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-72
Author(s):  
Thorin M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
At Home

What kinds of international conflicts make states more likely to increase repression? I argue that the issues at stake in conflict may have different levels of domestic salience and may alter the domestic political status quo, thus increasing or decreasing a state’s or regime’s propensity to repress. I argue and find that democracies are most likely to increase repression when they are territorial revisionists, specifically increasing the use of imprisonment and torture. Autocratic states are more likely to increase repression during foreign policy-oriented disputes, as opposed to those fought over territory, which are less likely to escalate to full-scale war, and more likely to be domestically motivated. This project thus opens up the black box of international conflict to better understand how the reasons states fight abroad affects decisions to repress at home.

scholarly journals Make Way for the Algorithms: Symbolic Actions and Change in a Regime of Knowing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Pachidi ◽  
Hans Berends ◽  
Samer Faraj ◽  
Marleen Huysman
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Sales Organization ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Real Change ◽  
Technology Introduction

When actors deem technological change undesirable, they may act symbolically by pretending to comply while avoiding real change. In our study of the introduction of an algorithmic technology in a sales organization, we found that such symbolic conformity led unintendedly to the full implementation of the suggested technological change. To explain this surprising outcome, we advance a regime-of-knowing lens that helps to analyze deep challenges happening under the surface during the process of technology introduction. A regime of knowing guides what is worth knowing, what actions matter to acquire this knowledge, and who has the authority to make decisions around those issues. We found that both the technologists who introduced the algorithmic technology, and the incumbent workers whose work was affected by the change, used symbolic actions to either defend the established regime of knowing or to advocate a radical change. Although the incumbent workers enacted symbolic conformity by pretending to comply with suggested changes, the technologists performed symbolic advocacy by presenting a positive side of the technological change. Ironically, because the symbolic conformity enabled and was reinforced by symbolic advocacy, reinforcing cycles of symbolic actions yielded a radical change in the sales' regime of knowing: from one focused on a deep understanding of customers via personal contact and strong relationships, to one based on model predictions from the processing of large datasets. We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings for the introduction of technology at work and for knowing in the workplace.

Upgrading aerated lagoons at pulp and paper mills

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Welander ◽  
Anders Löfqvist ◽  
Anders Selmer
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Support Material ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Pilot Plant Scale ◽  
One Year

The possibility of improving the efficiency of aerated lagoons treating pulp and paper industry effluents by introducing a support material for microbial growth was studied on a pilot plant scale. Two 20 m3 pilot plants were operated for approximately one year in parallel with full-scale aerated lagoons at two Swedish pulp and paper mills. A support material specifically developed for application in aerated lagoons was installed in the pilot plants. A considerably higher treatment efficiency was obtained in the pilot plants than in the full-scale lagoons. While 30-40% of the COD was removed in the full-scale lagoons, a COD-removal of 60-70% was achieved in the pilot plants. Phosphorus, an important discharge parameter at both mills, was removed to 60-70%, while the removal in the full scale lagoons was only 0-10%. The suspended solids in the treated effluent after clarification was around 20 mg/l.

Full-Scale Experiences with Phosphate Crystallization in a Crystalactor®

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 819-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eggers ◽  
A. H. Dirkzwager ◽  
H. van der Honing
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
One Year

The first full-scale phosphate removal plant is nearly one year in operation. Values of 0.5 mg/l P or less are possible. No extra surplus sludge is produced, but a relatively small amount of waterfree pellets, which can be reused in the phosphate processing industry.

THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN'S FOREIGN POLICY AND CONSTRUCTION JIHAD'S DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lob
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
One Year ◽  
Organization Construction ◽  
First Time

AbstractThis article adopts the theoretical framework of complex realism to trace the evolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy and developmental activities in Africa between the 1980s and the 2000s. Contrary to common assumptions, the deradicalization of the Islamic Republic's foreign policy in Africa began not under the moderates in the early 1990s, but under the conservatives in the mid-1980s. This period marked the first time that the Islamic Republic instrumentalized development to advance its strategic interests in Africa—a policy that has continued despite the factionalization of Iran's political elite. Based on one year of archival research and interviews in Iran, this article is the first to investigate the history and activities of the Islamic Republic's rural development organization, Construction Jihad, in Africa. It posits that development, instead of arms or ideology, has enabled Iran to make the farthest inroads into the continent due to Africa's sizeable agrarian economies, widespread rural poverty, and formidable developmental challenges.

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