scholarly journals Can policy-packaging increase public support for costly policies? Insights from a choice experiment on policies against vehicle emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wicki ◽  
Robert Alexander Huber ◽  
Thomas Bernauer
Keyword(s):  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

AbstractPublic support is usually a precondition for the adoption and successful implementation of costly policies. We argue that such support is easier to achieve with policy-packages that incorporate primary and ancillary measures. We specifically distinguish command-and-control and market-based measures as primary measures and argue that the former will usually garner more public support than the latter given the low-visibility tendency of costs associated with command-and-control measures. Nevertheless, if included in a policy-package, ancillary measures are likely to increase public support by reducing negative effects of primary measures. Based on a choice experiment with a representative sample of 2,034 Swiss citizens, we assessed these arguments with respect to political efforts to reduce vehicle emissions. The empirical analysis supported the argument that policy-packaging affects public support positively, particularly generating more support when ancillary measures are added. Lastly, we ultimately observe that command-and-control measures obtain more public support than market-based instruments.

scholarly journals Impact of dams and irrigation schemes in Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics and malaria epidemiology

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Sanchez-Ribas ◽  
Gabriel Parra-Henao ◽  
Anthony Érico Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes

Irrigation schemes and dams have posed a great concern on public health systems of several countries, mainly in the tropics. The focus of the present review is to elucidate the different ways how these human interventions may have an effect on population dynamics of anopheline mosquitoes and hence, how local malaria transmission patterns may be changed. We discuss different studies within the three main tropical and sub-tropical regions (namely Africa, Asia and the Pacific and the Americas). Factors such as pre-human impact malaria epidemiological patterns, control measures, demographic movements, human behaviour and local Anopheles bionomics would determine if the implementation of an irrigation scheme or a dam will have negative effects on human health. Some examples of successful implementation of control measures in such settings are presented. The use of Geographic Information System as a powerful tool to assist on the study and control of malaria in these scenarios is also highlighted.

Implications of Initial Assumptions in Agri-Environmental Nitrogen Pollution Reduction Policy Design: Quasi-Empirical Evidence from Croatia

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-277
Author(s):  
Ozana Nadoveza Jelić
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Nitrogen Pollution ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
Cge Models ◽  
And Control

This paper aims to extend understanding of potential general equilibrium effects of nitrogen pollution reduction policies in multifunctional agriculture. Under the EU Nitrates Directive, to achieve agricultural nitrogen pollution reduction, a country can choose between (or combine) market and command-and-control measures. To deal with nitrate pollution from agricultural sources Croatia uses measures such as input regulations and management practices, rather than market-based measures. This paper evaluates welfare and macroeconomic effects of selected market and command-and-control based agricultural nitrogen reduction policies within Croatian data based CGE model. The paper highlights the importance of usual theoretical assumptions, i.e. labor market cleaning assumption and the degree of substitutability of nitrogen in agricultural production, for policy prescriptions. Namely, the results suggest that agri-environ­mental policy prescriptions largely depend upon labor market cleaning assumption and substitutability of nitrogen in agricultural production. The paper also emphasizes current limitations of CGE models for agri-environmental nitrogen reduction related policies evaluation and highlights the methodological and database development needs for future research.

scholarly journals Emergency Management of Medical Wastewater in Hospitals Specializing in Infectious Diseases: A Case Study of Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Jia-Jun He ◽  
Shu-Shu Zhao ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Xia-Ying Liu ◽  
Qin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Field Hospital ◽  
Modern Information Technology ◽  
And Control

Medical wastewater originating from hospitals specializing in infectious diseases pose a major risk to human and environmental health during pandemics. However, there have been few systematic studies on the management of this type of wastewater management. The function of the Huoshenshan Hospital as a designated emergency field hospital for the treatment of COVID-19 has provided lessons for the management measures of medical wastewater, mainly including: (1) Modern information technology, management schemes, and related standard systems provided the legislative foundation for emergency management of medical wastewater. (2) The three-tier prevention and control medical wastewater management system ensured the discharged wastewater met water quality standards, especially for the leak-proof sealed collection system of the first tier, and the biological and chemical treatment technology of the second tier. (3) The establishment of an effective three-tier medical wastewater quality monitoring accountability system. This system was particularly relevant for ensuring continuous data monitoring and dynamic analysis of characteristic indicators. (4) Information disclosure by government and public supervision promoted successful implementation of medical wastewater management and control measures. Public questionnaires (n = 212) further confirmed the effectiveness of information disclosure. The results of this study can act as methodological reference for the emergency management of wastewater in designated infectious disease hospitals under similar situations.

scholarly journals Assessing Tourists’ Preferences of Negative Externalities of Environmental Management Programs: A Case Study on Invasive Species in Shei-Pa National Park, Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Ming Liu ◽  
Chia-Mei Tien
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
National Park ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiments ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

This study uses discrete choice experiments to evaluate and reduce the environmental impact of negative externalities of managing invasive alien species (IAS), such as “ecological shock”, “health risk”, “waiting time” “tour range” and “prevention and control fee”, on the support of IAS prevention and control. We used data from Taiwan’s Shei-Pa National Park and its visitors for the case study and obtained 602 valid questionnaires. The results indicate that visitors consider that each unit of externality of IAS prevention and control measures significantly reduces their utility, and the magnitude equals the estimated value of externality. However, although negative externalities are inevitable, the support for IAS prevention and control measures could be maximized by adjusting the types and proportions of negative externalities. For example, visitors are willing to sacrifice up to 1.41% of the tour range in exchange for a 1% reduction in ecological shock. This study summarizes the negative externalities of IAS prevention and control measures and proposes to adjust the combination of negative externalities to reduce the shocks of those IAS prevention and control measures on the public, so as to increase the public support for IAS policies and increase the sustainability of tourism.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Environment Policy in Jordan

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Adel Yacob Shamaileh
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Environment Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

<p>This study examines the impact of environmental policy in Jordan. The article evaluates the implementation process and reviews the policy measures, instruments and their effectiveness in banning, removing and/or reducing negative externalities in Jordan. Data was provided through analysis of responses to questionnaires distributed to all key enforcement officials working in the Ministries of Environment, Agriculture and Health. Additional sources were laws, regulations, official documents and reports issued by the government.</p>The study shows that Jordan’s environmental policy relies solely on the command and control approach to mitigate negative externalities, while completely overlooking price-based and rights-based instruments. Such instruments are widely and increasingly employed in developed countries and have proved their efficiency and effectiveness in protecting the environment. The results of the study reveal that command and control measures are insufficient to achieve effective environmental policy. Consequently, they are incapable of internalizing negative externalities in Jordan. The three ministries were ineffective in both monitoring and enforcement, which are essential for the success of environment policy. Results may motivate government regulators to endorse price-based and rights-based measures, in addition to command and control measures.

scholarly journals College students’ stress and health in the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of academic workload, separation from school, and fears of contagion

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246676
Author(s):  
Chunjiang Yang ◽  
Aobo Chen ◽  
Yashuo Chen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Chinese College Students ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Academic Workload ◽  
And Control ◽  
Stress And Health

The COVID-19 pandemic has unhinged the lives of people across the globe. In particular, more than 30 million Chinese college students are home-schooling, yet there is little understanding of how academic workload, separation from school, and fears of contagion lead to a decrease in their health. This study examined the relationships between Chinese college students’ three critical stressors and two types of health in the COVID‐19 pandemic context. We used a three-wave lagged design with a one-week interval. All the constructs were assessed by self-report in anonymous surveys during the COVID‐19 pandemic. College students were asked to report their demographic information, academic workload, separation from school, fears of contagion, perceived stress, and health. The results of this study showed that academic workload, separation from school, and fears of contagion had negative effects on college students’ health via perceived stress. In the COVID-19 crisis, multiple prevention and control measures focusing on college students may lead them to have different degrees of stress and health problems. Our results enrich the literature on stress and health and offer novel practical implications for all circles of the society to ensure students’ health under the context of the COVID-19 epidemic.

scholarly journals Policy sequencing to reduce tropical deforestation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Furumo ◽  
Eric F. Lambin
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Tropical Deforestation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Policy Mix ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
Enabling Environment ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
And Control

Non-technical summary Tropical deforestation continues apace despite a proliferation of commitments made by companies and governments to control it. Halting and reversing deforestation requires multiple, complementary interventions by state and non-state actors at different scales. We argue that the order in which these instruments and actors are introduced into the policy mix matters. Sequences of interventions from case studies in Latin America show that government commitment is a critical first step, implemented through command-and-control measures and then incentives. Combined with REDD+, they create an enabling environment for supply chain initiatives. A more coordinated and deliberate polycentric governance is needed to achieve zero-deforestation. Technical summary Avoided deforestation provides a natural climate solution for reducing emissions while generating co-benefits for people and nature. However, unleashing this potential requires improved governance. Diverse coalitions of actors are designing interventions to protect forests, each with different motivations and specialization of strategies. We introduce a policy sequencing framework to advance our understanding of how to improve polycentric zero-deforestation governance. Focusing on commodity production in Costa Rica, Brazil, and Colombia, we reconstructed the policy mix of zero-deforestation interventions across three domains – domestic public policies, REDD+, and supply chain initiatives. We classified interventions according to their instrument mechanism – disincentives, incentives, enabling measures – and when they were introduced into the policy mix. We found a sequence of interventions that reflects stages of forest cover dynamics, but also depends on local political will and institutional capacity. Government command-and-control measures are needed early in the policy sequence to slow deforestation, with incentives added to increase legal compliance. REDD+ helps governments build an enabling environment that supports supply chain initiatives seeking to increase forest cover at later stages of the sequence. Policy sequencing and policyscape concepts advance the design of more deliberate polycentric forest governance that enhances actor coordination and instrument synergies in the policy mix. Social media summary How do we stop deforestation? The policy options are well-known, but the order in which they are introduced matters.

scholarly journals Emergency Management of Medical Wastewater in Hospitals Specializing in Infectious Diseases-a Case Study on Huoshenshan Hospital

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajun He ◽  
Shushu Zhao ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Xiaying Liu ◽  
Qin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Field Hospital ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Medical wastewater from hospitals specializing in infectious diseases is a major health and environmental risk during pandemics. However, few systematic studies on medical wastewater management in hospitals of infectious diseases have been reported. As designated emergency field hospital for the treatment of COVID-19, the Huoshenshan Hospital achieved successful outcomes on emergency management measures of medical wastewater.Results: The lessons of medical wastwater based on Huoshenshan Hospital can be concluded following four aspects: (1) Emergency management system of medical wastewater based on the “Internet Plus” technology, and other related management schemes and standard systems provided legislative foundation for emergency management of medical wastewater. (2) The three-tier prevention and control system of medical wastewater ensured the discharged wastewater meets water quality standards. The system specifically included the individual seep and leak-proof sealed collection system at the first tier, as well as the enhanced disinfection and moving bed biofilm reactor wastewater biological and chemical treatment technology at the second tier. (3) The study established an effective three-tier accountability system in medical wastewater quality monitoring, data recording, storage, and reporting, as well as data review and filing, especially in continuous data monitoring and dynamic analysis of characteristic indicators. (4) Information disclosure by government and public supervision promoted successful implementation of medical wastewater management and control measures. Based on the results of 212 public questionnaires, we also confirmed that information of the case was open to public and internet users who actively participated. Conclusion: Our study will provide methodological reference for the emergency management of wastewater in designated infectious disease hospitals in similar situations.

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