scholarly journals Impact of dams and irrigation schemes in Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics and malaria epidemiology

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Sanchez-Ribas ◽  
Gabriel Parra-Henao ◽  
Anthony Érico Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes

Irrigation schemes and dams have posed a great concern on public health systems of several countries, mainly in the tropics. The focus of the present review is to elucidate the different ways how these human interventions may have an effect on population dynamics of anopheline mosquitoes and hence, how local malaria transmission patterns may be changed. We discuss different studies within the three main tropical and sub-tropical regions (namely Africa, Asia and the Pacific and the Americas). Factors such as pre-human impact malaria epidemiological patterns, control measures, demographic movements, human behaviour and local Anopheles bionomics would determine if the implementation of an irrigation scheme or a dam will have negative effects on human health. Some examples of successful implementation of control measures in such settings are presented. The use of Geographic Information System as a powerful tool to assist on the study and control of malaria in these scenarios is also highlighted.

scholarly journals Can policy-packaging increase public support for costly policies? Insights from a choice experiment on policies against vehicle emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wicki ◽  
Robert Alexander Huber ◽  
Thomas Bernauer
Keyword(s):  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

AbstractPublic support is usually a precondition for the adoption and successful implementation of costly policies. We argue that such support is easier to achieve with policy-packages that incorporate primary and ancillary measures. We specifically distinguish command-and-control and market-based measures as primary measures and argue that the former will usually garner more public support than the latter given the low-visibility tendency of costs associated with command-and-control measures. Nevertheless, if included in a policy-package, ancillary measures are likely to increase public support by reducing negative effects of primary measures. Based on a choice experiment with a representative sample of 2,034 Swiss citizens, we assessed these arguments with respect to political efforts to reduce vehicle emissions. The empirical analysis supported the argument that policy-packaging affects public support positively, particularly generating more support when ancillary measures are added. Lastly, we ultimately observe that command-and-control measures obtain more public support than market-based instruments.

scholarly journals Anopheline Mosquitoes and the Malaria Scourge

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Ozioma Forstinus Nwabor
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Anopheline Mosquito ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Dreaded Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes ◽  
New Strategies

The high prevalence of malaria in Africa has defiled many strategies aimed at its eradication. Researchers from various fields have tried without success in this fight against mosquito and its malaria disease. Annually billions of dollars are spent in the design of programs which are aimed at combating this dreaded disease. However all this spending seems to go down the drain as malaria and its vector mosquitoes celebrate their unflinching victory. Current control measures focusing on ways of preventing the disease vis-a-vis, protect man from the vectors “anopheline mosquito” are the mainstay of malaria prevention and control. Many of these control measures are operational with each contributing in its little way. The use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITN) and Indoor Residual Sprays (IRS) are well established strategies with global recognition and currently ongoing in Africa. However, as a result of shortcomings in these major control measures, new strategies with hopes of blissful success are been sought after. Larviciding (abortion of metamorphosis) and constant and adequate environmental sanitation seems to be the next option available for use. This article therefore takes a look at the vector-anopheline mosquito, its ecology, productivity and distribution. It also considers malaria and the various control and preventive measures currently targeted at its eradication.

scholarly journals The Paradise Problem: Painted Experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Meyer ◽  
Stephen Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Sample Group ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Selection Of

This research focuses on a sample group of painters who have worked in the North Queensland wet tropics where they have explored tropical imagery within western traditions. Despite some acknowledgement of the Pacific by Smith (1960) and some engagement by established southern artists in fleeting visits to the North; there has been little research into contributions of the contemporary painters working within the wet tropical regions of northern Australia. This research challenges some of the late 19th century and early 20th century filters established by the painters Gauguin, Matisse and Henri Rousseau in finding a tropical paradise, through the presentation of data collected from the selection of artists working in the tropics, teasing out the contradictions within the work of mainstream art historians.

scholarly journals Outbreak investigation and control measures following dengue fever cases in Vadodara, July-August 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 5224
Author(s):  
Raman D. Damor ◽  
Jyotsna F. Maliwad ◽  
Kalpita S. Shringarpure ◽  
Bansari L. Chawda ◽  
Neelam N. Pandya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Outbreak Investigation ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fever Case ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Control

Background: Dengue fever is one of the major public health problems among all the vector born diseases. It is an emerging disease of tropical and sub-tropical regions, affecting urban, peri-urban and rural areas. Twenty five cases of dengue fever were reported in our hospital and other private hospitals from Undera village, which is in the peri urban area of Vadodara, so an investigation was carried out. The objective of this study is to find out the incidence and demographic details of people affected by fever during the outbreak and to find the environmental factors responsible for the outbreak.Methods: Community based, cross-sectional, direct interviewing of community members of Undera village in Vadodara district was carried out on 21st August 2017 and 23rd August 2017.Results: In this outbreak investigation, 219 fever cases were reported from 2930 population residing in 645 houses. There were 25 confirmed cases of dengue fever, out of which three deaths were reported. This included one pregnant woman during this outbreak. Seventy percent of fever cases were in the age group 0-30 years. Daily wagers were affected more than other occupations. At least one fever case was reported from 109 houses. Breeding places for mosquitoes were observed surrounding the houses from were fever cases reported.Conclusions: The dengue fever outbreak was confirmed through laboratory as well as clinico-epidemiological correlation with confirmed clinical picture and presence of breading places of Aedes mosquitoes. The fatality rate was 12% and there were three complicated deaths.

scholarly journals Análise da influência do uso da parametrização cúmulus na simulação do vento com diferentes parametrizações de camada limite planetária

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e34
Author(s):  
Eliseu Oliveira Afonso ◽  
Otávio Costa Acevedo ◽  
Franciano Scremin Puhales
Keyword(s):  
Good Description ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cumulus Parameterization ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
And Control

The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of use the cumulus parameterization on the wind shift with two dynamic planetary boundary layer parameterizations using the Weather Research and Forecast model. Studies on model simulations using PBL parameterizations in tropical regions are generally rare, mainly due to the lack of experimental observations. This work is part of a project developed in partnership betweenTPP Pecém II, TPP Parnaíba I, Parnaíba II and III generation of S.A. Energy and the Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM. The Parnaíba Thermoelectric Power Plant (UTE) complex is located in Santo Antônio dos Lopes city in Maranhão and is operated by the Brazilian company Eneva. As energy production through the combustion of natural gas produces wastes that are released into the atmosphere, environmental regulatory bodies demand that verification and control measures be taken, such as chemical species monitoring. Therefore, a good description of the atmosphere is fundamental for the good performance of chemical species dispersion models. Four automatic weather stations were used to validate the model simulations. The model had difficulty reproducing the wind magnitude values as observed.

scholarly journals Emergency Management of Medical Wastewater in Hospitals Specializing in Infectious Diseases: A Case Study of Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Jia-Jun He ◽  
Shu-Shu Zhao ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Xia-Ying Liu ◽  
Qin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Field Hospital ◽  
Modern Information Technology ◽  
And Control

Medical wastewater originating from hospitals specializing in infectious diseases pose a major risk to human and environmental health during pandemics. However, there have been few systematic studies on the management of this type of wastewater management. The function of the Huoshenshan Hospital as a designated emergency field hospital for the treatment of COVID-19 has provided lessons for the management measures of medical wastewater, mainly including: (1) Modern information technology, management schemes, and related standard systems provided the legislative foundation for emergency management of medical wastewater. (2) The three-tier prevention and control medical wastewater management system ensured the discharged wastewater met water quality standards, especially for the leak-proof sealed collection system of the first tier, and the biological and chemical treatment technology of the second tier. (3) The establishment of an effective three-tier medical wastewater quality monitoring accountability system. This system was particularly relevant for ensuring continuous data monitoring and dynamic analysis of characteristic indicators. (4) Information disclosure by government and public supervision promoted successful implementation of medical wastewater management and control measures. Public questionnaires (n = 212) further confirmed the effectiveness of information disclosure. The results of this study can act as methodological reference for the emergency management of wastewater in designated infectious disease hospitals under similar situations.

scholarly journals Notes on the sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a region of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. e596101422480
Author(s):  
Paula Fassicolo Variza ◽  
Thiago Nunes Pereira ◽  
Joice Guilherme de Oliveira ◽  
Millena Fernandes ◽  
Daniel Moreira de Avelar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Forest ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

The family Psychodidae has a cosmopolitan distribution with members that occur in many habitats, mainly in humid environments, and is most diverse in the tropics. Subfamilies Sycoracinae and Phlebotominae have females with hematophagous habits and the latter studied more due to medical and veterinary interest, since it includes species that can transmit diseases to animals and humans. The knowledge about the sand fly fauna in a region is extremely important for adequate monitoring and control measures for leishmaniasis. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize Psychodidae fauna in relation to richness, abundance and molecular identification of Leishmania spp. in sand flies in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil. The ollections were carried out between 2015 and 2016 in three cities in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Samples were taken near feeding places for domestic animals, urban forest and peridomicile areas. The insects were identified and female sand flies were submitted to molecular analysis to detect the presence of Leishmania spp.. A total of 4,200 insects were collected, 4,193 from the Sycoracinae subfamily and 7 Phlebotominae from the Nyssomyia neivai and Pintomyia fisheri species. Of the studied municipalities, sandflies were registered in Tubarão and Imaruí and the most frequent habitat was the peridomicile areas. No samples were positive for Leishmania spp. In conclusion, the work highlights the presence of two species of sandflies, which were recorded for the first time in southern Santa Catarina.

scholarly journals Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (spe1) ◽  
pp. 315-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Frausin ◽  
Renata Braga Souza Lima ◽  
Ari de Freitas Hidalgo ◽  
Paul Maas ◽  
Adrian Martin Pohlit
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Yoelii ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control

Species of the Annonaceae family are used all over the tropics in traditional medicine in tropical regions for the treatment of malaria and other illnesses. Phytochemical studies of this family have revealed chemical components which could offer new alternatives for the treatment and control of malaria. Searches in scientific reference sites (SciFinder Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, ScienceDirect and ISI Web of Science) and a bibliographic literature search for species of Annonaceae used traditionally to treat malaria and fever were carried out. This family contains 2,100 species in 123 genera. We encountered 113 articles reporting medicinal use of one or more species of this family including 63 species in 27 genera with uses as antimalarials and febrifuges. Even though the same species of Annonaceae are used by diverse ethnic groups, different plant parts are often chosen for applications, and diverse methods of preparation and treatment are used. The ethanol extracts of Polyalthia debilis and Xylopia aromatica proved to be quite active against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (median inhibition concentration, IC50 < 1.5 µg/mL). Intraperitoneal injection of Annickia chlorantha aqueous extracts (cited as Enantia chlorantha) cleared chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis from the blood of mice in a dose-dependant manner. More phytochemical profiles of Annonaceous species are required; especially information on the more commonly distributed antimalarial compounds in this family.

scholarly journals THE DISTRIBUTION, IMPORTANCE, BIOLOGY AND CONTROL, OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (L.) K.& R.A MAJOR WEED SPECIES OF COCONUT PLANTATION IN SRI LANKA

CORD ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
T.G.L.G. Gunasekara
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Asteraceae Family

Chromolaena odorata (1.) K. & R. is a tropical peren­nial weed species qf the Asteraceae family that has be­come a serious problem in coconut plantations in Sri Lanka and in the tropics of Asia and Africa. The history of distribution, habitat and economic importance is summarized The botanical features and seed biology of this species are presented in this review Finally in­formation on the control measures such as mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological methods is discussed.

scholarly journals Emergence of a novel chikungunya virus strain bearing the E1:V80A substitution, out of the Mombasa, Kenya 2017-2018 outbreak

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241754
Author(s):  
Fredrick Eyase ◽  
Solomon Langat ◽  
Irina Maljkovic Berry ◽  
Francis Mulwa ◽  
Albert Nyunja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Targeted Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Between late 2017 and mid-2018, a chikungunya fever outbreak occurred in Mombasa, Kenya that followed an earlier outbreak in mid-2016 in Mandera County on the border with Somalia. Using targeted Next Generation Sequencing, we obtained genomes from clinical samples collected during the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak. We compared data from the 2016 Mandera outbreak with the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak, and found that both had the Aedes aegypti adapting mutations, E1:K211E and E2:V264A. Further to the above two mutations, 11 of 15 CHIKV genomes from the Mombasa outbreak showed a novel triple mutation signature of E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D. These novel mutations are estimated to have arisen in Mombasa by mid-2017 (2017.58, 95% HPD: 2017.23, 2017.84). The MRCA for the Mombasa outbreak genomes is estimated to have been present in early 2017 (2017.22, 95% HPD: 2016.68, 2017.63). Interestingly some of the earliest genomes from the Mombasa outbreak lacked the E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D substitutions. Previous laboratory experiments have indicated that a substitution at position E1:80 in the CHIKV genome may lead to increased CHIKV transmissibility by Ae. albopictus. Genbank investigation of all available CHIKV genomes revealed that E1:V80A was not present; therefore, our data constitutes the first report of the E1:V80A mutation occurring in nature. To date, chikungunya outbreaks in the Northern and Western Hemispheres have occurred in Ae. aegypti inhabited tropical regions. Notwithstanding, it has been suggested that an Ae. albopictus adaptable ECSA or IOL strain could easily be introduced in these regions leading to a new wave of outbreaks. Our data on the recent Mombasa CHIKV outbreak has shown that a potential Ae. albopictus adapting mutation may be evolving within the East African region. It is even more worrisome that there exists potential for emergence of a CHIKV strain more adapted to efficient transmission by both Ae. albopictus and Ae.aegypti simultaneously. In view of the present data and history of chikungunya outbreaks, pandemic potential for such a strain is now a likely possibility in the future. Thus, continued surveillance of chikungunya backed by molecular epidemiologic capacity should be sustained to understand the evolving public health threat and inform prevention and control measures including the ongoing vaccine development efforts.

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