Skin as a Source of Nosocomial Infection: Directions for Future Research

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis G. Maki
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogens ◽  
The Past ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Per Se

Whereas infections of the skin per se comprise only a fraction of all institutionally-acquired infections, the skin has become one of the most important reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in the hospital. Professor Noble has provided a scholarly review of the increasing importance of the major constituents of the cutaneous microflora as nosocomial pathogens and what we know of their epidemiology. Unfortunately, the empiricism and limited scientific data which underlie essential infection control measures in this area, particularly in regard to cutaneous antisepsis and handwashing, is almost incongruous in an era in which controlled clinical trials have dominated most other areas of medicine. The numerous outbreaks traced to contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants over the past two decades, stand as mute testimony to the inadequate investigative attention this area has received.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and rheumatology: A year later

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
B. S. Belov ◽  
A. M. Lila
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Antirheumatic Drugs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Great Hope ◽  
Blind Spots

An enormous body of evidence on various aspects of the coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19 associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) has been accumulated over the past year. Meanwhile, investigated relationship between COVID-19 and rheumatic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) and certain identified similarities were of paramount importance. It was shown that the incidence of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases does not significantly differ from that in general population. The risk of severe course and unfavorable COVID-19 outcomes in patients with rheumatic IMIDs is significantly associated with older age and comorbidities – as in general population, and is not aggravated by preceding use of the majority of antirheumatic drugs. Gaining better insights into pathogenesis of COVID-19 provided sound prerequisites for anti-rheumatic drugs repurposing and substantiated their use for treatment of COVID-19 infection. Under current COVID-19 pandemic circumstances, accelerated development and invention of various COVID-19 vaccines offers a great hope to curb the tide of pandemic. However, the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of these vaccines in patients with rheumatic IMIDs must be studied in controlled clinical trials. Generally speaking, there are still numerous blind spots in our knowledge of rheumatological aspects of such a versatile and polymorphous condition as COVID-19 infection.

Antibiotic Drug Levels

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Michael G. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Equivalence ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Antibiotic Regimen ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Selection Of

In the past, efficacy, as defined by controlled clinical trials, was the primary factor in the selection of a particular antibiotic regimen. Today, as the number of antimicrobial agents approved for clinical use has grown almost exponentially, efficacy rarely is emphasized in published clinical trials. More commonly they demonstrate therapeutic equivalence rather than superiority of new compounds to previously accepted regimens. For this reason, the two criteria that now factor most prominently into the selection of equally effective antibiotics are relative toxicity and cost. Three major classes of antibiotics used throughout the world in the treatment of serious pediatric infectious diseases are chloramphenicol (CAP) and its derivatives, aminoglycosides (AGs), and vancomycin and related glycopeptides.

scholarly journals Adaptability and responsiveness: keys to operational measures in a regional hospital radiology department during the current COVID-19 pandemic

BJR|Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 20200017
Author(s):  
Pratik Mukherjee ◽  
Tze Chwan Lim ◽  
Ashish Chawla ◽  
Hong Chou ◽  
Wilfred C G Peh
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Regional Hospital ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
The Past ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Operational Practices

The rapid and mostly uncontrolled spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic over the past 4 months has overwhelmed many healthcare systems worldwide. In Singapore, while our public healthcare institutions were considered well prepared due to our prior experience with the SARS outbreak, there was an unexpected surge of infected patients over the recent 2 months to deal with. We describe our radiology department’s experience in modifying operational practices and implementing strict infection control measures aimed at minimizing disease transmission and mitigating the potential impact of possible staff infection. From the perspective of serving a medium-sized regional hospital and limited by physical and manpower constraints, our radiology department had to adapt quickly and modify our initial responses and practices as the disease scenario changed. We have also enumerated some guidelines for planning future radiology departments.

scholarly journals Knowledge and practices of nurses regarding nosocomial infection control measures in private hospitals in Sana’a City, Yemen

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamil Alrubaiee ◽  
Anisah Baharom ◽  
Hayati Kadir Shahar ◽  
Shaffe Mohd Daud ◽  
Huda Omar Basaleem
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
Infection Control Measures

The Year in Review: Cardiology

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-40
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Sanoski
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease States

Overall, the evolution of the management of a broad spectrum of cardiovascular disease states has occurred primarily as a result of randomized, controlled clinical trials that have been conducted and published over time. During the past two years, the results of numerous clinical trials have certainly had a significant impact on the ways in which practitioners have treated conditions such as chronic heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. This review article summarizes the results of several key clinical trials that evaluated various treatment strategies for these five cardiovascular disease states and attempts to provide insight as to how these findings can be incorporated into clinical practice.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium Longum: Protection against Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shunyu Yao ◽  
Zixi Zhao ◽  
Weijun Wang ◽  
Xiaolu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), increases gradually worldwide in the past decades. IBD is generally associated with the change of the immune system and gut microbiota, and the conventional treatments usually result in some side effects. Bifidobacterium longum, as colonizing bacteria in the intestine, has been demonstrated to be capable of relieving colitis in mice and can be employed as an alternative or auxiliary way for treating IBD. Here, the mechanisms of the Bifidobacterium longum in the treatment of IBD were summarized based on previous cell and animal studies and clinical trials testing bacterial therapies. This review will be served as a basis for future research on IBD treatment.

scholarly journals The next decade of clinical trials in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1102) ◽  
pp. 20181031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Peng ◽  
Jin-Qi Liu ◽  
Yu-Pei Chen ◽  
Jun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epstein Barr

Clinical trials are powerful weapons in the battle against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Based on clinical trials conducted in the past two decades, concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy or induction chemotherapy has been recommended as the standard treatment for locoregionally advanced NPC in various guidelines. However, there remain shortcomings concerning current treatment modalities that should be refined in future research. In this article, we review the achievements of published clinical trials for locoregionally advanced NPC and propose future directions for subsequent clinical trials. We believe that refinement of current regimens of chemotherapy, de-intensification of treatment for specific groups of patients, developing personalized treatment based on predictors ( e.g. applying plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA) and investigating novel therapies, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, should be applied with the highest priority when designing clinical trials for locoregionally advanced NPC in the next decade.

Antibiotic Drug Levels

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 397-398
Author(s):  
Michael G. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Equivalence ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Antibiotic Regimen ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Selection Of

In the past, efficacy, as defined by controlled clinical trials, was the primary factor in the selection of a particular antibiotic regimen. Today, as the number of antimicrobial agents approved for clinical use has grown almost exponentially, efficacy rarely is emphasized in published clinical trials. More commonly they demonstrate therapeutic equivalence rather than superiority of new compounds to previously accepted regimens. For this reason, the two criteria that now factor most prominently into the selection of equally effective antibiotics are relative toxicity and cost. Three major classes of antibiotics used throughout the world in the treatment of serious pediatric infectious diseases are chloramphenicol (CAP) and its derivatives, aminoglycosides (AGs), and vancomycin and related glycopeptides.

Relationship between the Prevalence of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInfection and Indicators of Nosocomial Infection Control Measures A Population-Based Study in French Hospitals

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Grammatico-Guillon ◽  
Jean-Michel Thiolet ◽  
Pascale Bernillon ◽  
Bruno Coignard ◽  
Babak Khoshnood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Mrsa Infection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
National Prevalence

Objective.To assess whether infection control indicators are associated with the prevalence of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infection in French hospitals.Methods.We linked the database for the 2006 national prevalence survey of nosocomial infection with the database of infection control indicators (comprised of ICALIN, an indicator of infection control organization, resources, and action, and ICSHA, an indicator of alcohol-based handrub consumption) recorded from hospitals by the Ministry of Health. Data on MRSA infection were obtained from the national prevalence survey database and included the site and origin of infection, the microorganism responsible, and its drug resistance profile. Because the prevalence of MRSA infection was low and often nil, especially in small hospitals, we restricted our analysis to hospitals with at least 300 Patients. We used a multilevel logistic regression model to assess the joint effects of patient-level variables (eg, age, sex, or infection) and hospital-level variables (infection control indicators).Results.Two hundred two hospitals had at least 300 patients, for a total of 128,631 Patients. The overall prevalence of MRSA infection was 0.34% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29%-0.39%). The mean value for ICSHA was 7.8 L per 1,000 patient-days (median, 6.1 L per 1,000 patient-days; range, 0-33 L per 1,000 patient-days). The mean value for ICALIN was 92 of a possible 100 points (median, 94.5;range, 67-100). Multilevel analyses showed that ICALIN scores were associated with the prevalence of MRSA infection (odds ratio for a score change of 1 standard deviation, 0.80;95% CI, 0.69-0.93). We found no association between prevalence of MRSA infection and ICSHA. Other variables significantly associated with the prevalence of MRSA infection were sex, vascular or urinary catheter, previous surgery, and the McCabe score.Conclusions.We found a significant association between the prevalence of MRSA infection and ICALIN that suggested that a higher ICALIN score may be predictive of a lower prevalence of MRSA infection.

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