scholarly journals Commission 51: Bioastronomy: Search for Extraterrestrial Life

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-262
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Extrasolar Planets ◽  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life On Mars ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Cosmic Origin

The past three years have been extraordinarily productive for the Bioastronomy community. In particular, the detection of extrasolar planets and the possible evidence for fossil life on Mars have given substance to the concept of life elsewhere in the universe, and reinforced the connection between life on Earth and its cosmic origin. The structure of this report follows the agenda from the highly successful IAU Colloquium 161 on Bioastronomy, organized by Cristiano Cosmovici and Stuart Bowyer on the island of Capri in July 1996. The content has been provided by attendees of that Colloquium. Given the breadth of the subject matter covered by this Commission, this report could not have been generated any other way, and I am most grateful to all the contributors.

Astrobiology (Overview)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Extrasolar Planets ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Planetary Science ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Robotic Exploration ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
The Universe

Astrobiology seeks to understand the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe and thus to integrate biology with planetary science, astronomy, cosmology, and the other physical sciences. The discipline emerged in the late 20th century, partly in response to the development of space exploration programs in the United States, Russia, and elsewhere. Many astrobiologists are now involved in the search for life on Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and beyond. However, research in astrobiology does not presume the existence of extraterrestrial life, for which there is no compelling evidence; indeed, it includes the study of life on Earth in its astronomical and cosmic context. Moreover, the absence of observed life from all other planetary bodies requires a scientific explanation, and suggests several hypotheses amenable to further observational, theoretical, and experimental investigation under the aegis of astrobiology. Despite the apparent uniqueness of Earth’s biosphere— the “n = 1 problem”—astrobiology is increasingly driven by large quantities of data. Such data have been provided by the robotic exploration of the Solar System, the first observations of extrasolar planets, laboratory experiments into prebiotic chemistry, spectroscopic measurements of organic molecules in extraterrestrial environments, analytical advances in the biogeochemistry and paleobiology of very ancient rocks, surveys of Earth’s microbial diversity and ecology, and experiments to delimit the capacity of organisms to survive and thrive in extreme conditions.

D. Robert Ladd (1996). Intonational phonology. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 79.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xv+334.

Phonology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
William R. Leben
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
English Teachers ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
The Past ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Basic Goal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reasonable Price

Ladd's Intonational phonology is a substantial addition to an area that has only recently ‘arrived’. Fortunately for the field of intonational phonology, the past two decades have seen a number of seminal contributions from phonologists, including Mark Liberman, Gösta Bruce, Janet Pierrehumbert and Ladd himself. Work on intonation, which has advanced in sync with modern linguistic theory, can also look back on quite a number of rather specific studies by phoneticians and rather general descriptive accounts by linguists and English teachers on this continent and in Europe.The book's basic goal is to present the subject matter of intonational phonology to the non-specialist linguist. The material is not only summarised but also accompanied by critical comments. Ladd's goal of keeping the book accessible to the non-specialist may limit the depth of the presentation of the basic material and the definitiveness of the critical comments, but for many this will be a reasonable price to pay for breadth of coverage.

scholarly journals Młode pokolenie wobec pracy, konsumpcji oraz sukcesu

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Joanna Wardzała
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Consumer Behaviors ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

The young generation in terms of work, consumption and success  The subject matter of the young generation in the social context has been repeatedly examined and many studies have been prepared on this topic, for example the works of K. Wyka and earlier K. Manheim. Increasingly, the issue of the younger generation is discussed in the area of issues related to consumption and work. The article is of a theoretical and empirical nature; it is an attempt to portray the young generation in its two most important roles on the market — the consumer and the entrepreneur. It is an introductory element to the problems of consumer behaviors and entrepreneurial behaviors of the young generation. The publication draws attention to the expectations of the young generation about the applicable law and the economy. The first part of the article is characterized by sociological considerations and serves to determine the meaning of the young generation in consumer society, in particular, to outline the framework of youth, which in literature is sometimes defined not only by age categories. It is also an interdisciplinary review of theories, both those created in the past and those quite contemporary. In the second part, it refers to the results of qualitative research relating to the opinions and expectations of the young generation about consumption, work and success.  

scholarly journals Military museums in Poland – between the past and the future

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-39
Author(s):  
Dagmara Chylińska ◽  
Łukasz Musiaka
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Museum Practice ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Special Mirror

Museums are a constantly developing segment of cultural tourism. Poland is in line with current trends in museums, expanding its offer and adapting it to the requirements of the world of contemporary image culture and multisensory experiences, which is increasingly dominated by technology. The authors of the paper undertook to recognise the specificity of military museums, by conducting a survey of approximately a third of all such institutions in Poland. Due to the subject-matter of their exhibitions, military museums create a broad field of research both in terms of aesthetics and museum practice, as well as the issues of shaping and maintaining collective memory and the identity of the nation. They form a special mirror in which the country’s ideas and aspirations are reflected more often than any real characteristics. In reference to contemporary trends in museums, the article aims to place Polish military museums between locality and universality, education and entertainment, stability and dynamism, knowledge and experience. The results obtained allowed the authors to distinguish three groups of military museums in Poland, as well as indicate conditions conducive to the further development of such attractions in the country.

The Innovative Entrepreneur

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Cognitive Diversity ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Walt Disney ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Steve Jobs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Universe

Cognitively diverse project entrepreneurs are the ones most likely to succeed at making a ding in the universe. Project entrepreneurs are more effective because they are more likely to persevere at achieving their project and at undertaking new breakthrough innovations. Cyrus Field, Marconi, Walt Disney, Sam Walton, and Steve Jobs were project entrepreneurs. Innovative entrepreneurs are likely to either know less theory, or to take theory less seriously, which allows them to try what theory says is impossible. For instance, the physics of Marconi’s day said that his radio waves should go straight into space rather than curve with the earth to cross the Atlantic. Conversely, innovative entrepreneurs often have more tacit knowledge. Innovative entrepreneurs pursue serendipitous observations or slow hunches, often through trial-and-error experiments, and may benefit from cognitive diversity, such as dyslexia and Asperger’s syndrome. What inventors and entrepreneurs know is the subject matter of the epistemology of innovation.

A framework for analyzing evaluative language in historical discourse

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Myskow
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Texts ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Evaluative Meaning ◽  
Evaluative Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract History texts are not just disciplinary artefacts for describing, explaining or making arguments about the past. They play a key role in defining present-day group identities and their terms of affiliation. As such, they have generated a great deal of interest among functional linguists interested in how ideology is construed through language. But the ways history texts evaluate the past is not straightforward; they include a complex interplay of discourse participants putting forward a range of views toward the subject-matter. This article presents a framework for investigating evaluative meaning in historical discourse that aims to untangle this complex web of voices, showing how they work together to position readers to take up particular views toward the past. The framework brings together two prominent approaches to the study of evaluation: Martin & White’s (2005) Appraisal framework and Hunston’s (2000) notions of Status Value and Relevance. It posits four levels of evaluation (inter-, super-, extra- and meta-evaluation) that are grounded in insights from the field of historiography and reflect key disciplinary activities of historians.

Thucydides: History, Science and Power

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Fitzsimons
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Early History ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Principal Subject

Greek historical writing began at much the same time as Greek philosophic-scientific speculation. It experienced an even more rapid growth than philosophy, which it resembled in culminating its development in two men of genius. Contemporary events, the principal subject matter of early history, became the subject of inquiry, when some among the literate could not look at or understand events in the epic or mythic terms that had served the past and had to serve as a past.

Eastern and western Christendom in late antiquity: a parting of the way

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brown
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Ecclesiastical History ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Short Span ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Vast Range

I must begin with the words of the clergyman: ‘My short sermon for today is divided into three parts. One: God. Two: Man. Three: The Universe.’ It will be impossible to do justice to the subject in hand in the short span of one lecture. This is not only because of the vast range of time and space involved in any consideration of the parting of the ways between eastern and western Christianity in the late antique period. To embark on such a theme involves holding up for scrutiny the very nature of ecclesiastical history. For what we have to deal with is not merely what happened in the relations between east and west, but why what happened happened as it did. Once the ecclesiastical historian asks why, he will find himself sooner or later forced to grapple with the whole quality of men’s lives in the past—that is, with how they lived the full twenty-four hours of the day, not only in their books, but in their churches, not only in their churches, but in the most intimate and most monotonous rhythms of their life.

Astrobiological implications for Perchlorates on Mars

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Mancinelli
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Life On Mars ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
The Universe

Astrobiology is the study of the past, current and future potential for life in the Universe and has been fascinated with the possibility of life on Mars since the late 1800s. Because of the potential for life on Mars it is vital to understand the role perchlorates may play in that potential.

Introductory remarks

1994 ◽  
Vol 346 (1678) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Neutrino Flux ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Gamma Ray Astronomy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Neutrino Astronomy ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Particle Physicist

Nearly twenty years ago, G. D. Rochester and I organized a Discussion Meeting here on the origin of the cosmic radiation. P art of that meeting was devoted to primary gamma rays, and this meeting was followed a few years later by a meeting devoted entirely to gamma ray astronomy. At that time gamma rays represented a ‘new window on the Universe’. Now it is the turn of neutrinos to move into that slot, although it must be said that neutrino astronomy is not as far on as gamma ray astronomy was at that stage. Nevertheless, the subject has started and has already thrown up some dramatic questions, questions of interest to both astronomer and elementary particle physicist. In the more conventional astronomies, the Sun appears to be quite well behaved, and reasonably understood, with the interests of many centring on more distant and ‘dramatic’ objects, such as supernovae and extragalactic sources. With neutrinos, however, supernovae seem to be well behaved — at the superficial level, at least and based on one event — but the Sun does not. The remarkable deficit in solar neutrino flux recorded by Davis and collaborators over the past decades has been confirmed and we look forward to hearing the details of these confirmations, as well as the energy dependence of the flux and its comparison with expectation.

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