A framework for analyzing evaluative language in historical discourse

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Myskow
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Texts ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Evaluative Meaning ◽  
Evaluative Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract History texts are not just disciplinary artefacts for describing, explaining or making arguments about the past. They play a key role in defining present-day group identities and their terms of affiliation. As such, they have generated a great deal of interest among functional linguists interested in how ideology is construed through language. But the ways history texts evaluate the past is not straightforward; they include a complex interplay of discourse participants putting forward a range of views toward the subject-matter. This article presents a framework for investigating evaluative meaning in historical discourse that aims to untangle this complex web of voices, showing how they work together to position readers to take up particular views toward the past. The framework brings together two prominent approaches to the study of evaluation: Martin & White’s (2005) Appraisal framework and Hunston’s (2000) notions of Status Value and Relevance. It posits four levels of evaluation (inter-, super-, extra- and meta-evaluation) that are grounded in insights from the field of historiography and reflect key disciplinary activities of historians.

D. Robert Ladd (1996). Intonational phonology. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 79.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xv+334.

Phonology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
William R. Leben
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
English Teachers ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
The Past ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Basic Goal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reasonable Price

Ladd's Intonational phonology is a substantial addition to an area that has only recently ‘arrived’. Fortunately for the field of intonational phonology, the past two decades have seen a number of seminal contributions from phonologists, including Mark Liberman, Gösta Bruce, Janet Pierrehumbert and Ladd himself. Work on intonation, which has advanced in sync with modern linguistic theory, can also look back on quite a number of rather specific studies by phoneticians and rather general descriptive accounts by linguists and English teachers on this continent and in Europe.The book's basic goal is to present the subject matter of intonational phonology to the non-specialist linguist. The material is not only summarised but also accompanied by critical comments. Ladd's goal of keeping the book accessible to the non-specialist may limit the depth of the presentation of the basic material and the definitiveness of the critical comments, but for many this will be a reasonable price to pay for breadth of coverage.

scholarly journals Młode pokolenie wobec pracy, konsumpcji oraz sukcesu

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Joanna Wardzała
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Consumer Behaviors ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

The young generation in terms of work, consumption and success  The subject matter of the young generation in the social context has been repeatedly examined and many studies have been prepared on this topic, for example the works of K. Wyka and earlier K. Manheim. Increasingly, the issue of the younger generation is discussed in the area of issues related to consumption and work. The article is of a theoretical and empirical nature; it is an attempt to portray the young generation in its two most important roles on the market — the consumer and the entrepreneur. It is an introductory element to the problems of consumer behaviors and entrepreneurial behaviors of the young generation. The publication draws attention to the expectations of the young generation about the applicable law and the economy. The first part of the article is characterized by sociological considerations and serves to determine the meaning of the young generation in consumer society, in particular, to outline the framework of youth, which in literature is sometimes defined not only by age categories. It is also an interdisciplinary review of theories, both those created in the past and those quite contemporary. In the second part, it refers to the results of qualitative research relating to the opinions and expectations of the young generation about consumption, work and success.  

scholarly journals Military museums in Poland – between the past and the future

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-39
Author(s):  
Dagmara Chylińska ◽  
Łukasz Musiaka
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Museum Practice ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Special Mirror

Museums are a constantly developing segment of cultural tourism. Poland is in line with current trends in museums, expanding its offer and adapting it to the requirements of the world of contemporary image culture and multisensory experiences, which is increasingly dominated by technology. The authors of the paper undertook to recognise the specificity of military museums, by conducting a survey of approximately a third of all such institutions in Poland. Due to the subject-matter of their exhibitions, military museums create a broad field of research both in terms of aesthetics and museum practice, as well as the issues of shaping and maintaining collective memory and the identity of the nation. They form a special mirror in which the country’s ideas and aspirations are reflected more often than any real characteristics. In reference to contemporary trends in museums, the article aims to place Polish military museums between locality and universality, education and entertainment, stability and dynamism, knowledge and experience. The results obtained allowed the authors to distinguish three groups of military museums in Poland, as well as indicate conditions conducive to the further development of such attractions in the country.

ἐλάχɩστον … ἐν τοῖς ἄρσεσι κλέος: Thucydides, Women, and the Limits of Rational Analysis

1983 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. J. Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Town ◽  
Possible Cause

The comparative infrequency of references to women in Thucydides' history has often been remarked upon, and explained as due in part to the choice of warfare as his theme, and in part to the success of the Greek republics in excluding women from the political arena. As Pericles says in his funeral speech, women ought to give their menfolk the least possible cause to have to take note of them (2.45.2). But the exclusion of women from the subject-matter of historical discourse is peculiarly Thucydidean. Powell's Lexicon tells us that Thucydides' contemporary Herodotus uses γ⋯νηs 373 times, while the number of references to women/wives, mothers, priestesses etc. in Thucydides is less than fifty. This does not mean of course that Thucydides has no interest in, or sympathy for, women: frequently he mentions them as the passive objects of military circumstances precisely in order to underline the tragic effects of warfare. But some of the references to women are decidedly curious. There is a clear example in the account of the unsuccessful Theban attack on Plataea in 431 B.C., with which active hostilities began. Thucydides tells us that some of the Thebans who were locked into the town escaped by breaking open a deserted gate without being noticed (2.4.4). Why does he gratuitously mention that it was a women – presumably a Plataean – who gave her enemies an axe: γυναικ⋯ς δο⋯σης π⋯λɛκυν Clearly, it is an overimplification to say that Thucydides ignores women.

Thucydides: History, Science and Power

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Fitzsimons
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Early History ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Principal Subject

Greek historical writing began at much the same time as Greek philosophic-scientific speculation. It experienced an even more rapid growth than philosophy, which it resembled in culminating its development in two men of genius. Contemporary events, the principal subject matter of early history, became the subject of inquiry, when some among the literate could not look at or understand events in the epic or mythic terms that had served the past and had to serve as a past.

Cash benefits from social assistance in the light of the jurisprudence of administrative courts – selected problems. Part 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-190
Author(s):  
Sywia Łakoma
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Life Situation ◽  
Financial Capacity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cash Benefits ◽  
Administrative Courts

The aim of this study is to present social assistance benefits in cash in terms of the jurisprudence of administrative courts. The analysis of the provisions of the Act on Social Assistance and the case law related to the indicated subject matter confirms that the granting of optional benefits in cash – which are the subject of this part of the article – takes place under administrative approval. As a result, meeting the positive prerequisites for a given benefit, with the simultaneous lack of negative prerequisites, does not have to mean that the expected aid is to be obtained. In this case, the principles and objectives of social assistance, including the principle of subsidiarity, are of a great importance. This principle results, first of all, in the obligation to independently undertake actions – by persons or families interested in receiving assistance – in order to overcome a difficult life situation. Only when this is not possible, support is provided by social assistance bodies. Then, however, great importance – which is emphasized in the judicature – is attached to the cooperation of individuals or families with social assistance bodies. The jurisprudence presented in the study also confirms that the significance for granting optional benefits is the use by an individual in the past or at the time of applying for of other social assistance specific benefits. These circumstances, in the best case, may affect the amount of the benefit granted, but may also result in refusal of performing its payment, among others, due to the justified needs of other people. Additionally, the judicature points out that the refusal to grant optional cash benefits may also be affected by the limited financial capacity of the social assistance body (Article 3 (4) of the Act on Social Assistance). This is one of the elements that distinguish these benefits from obligatory benefits in cash, including, in particular, the periodic allowance, where the limited financial capacity of the social assistance body may only affect the amount of the benefit, but may not be the basis for refusal to grant it.

Trends and Policies in Arithmetic Curricula

1938 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 330-335
Author(s):  
B. R. Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Personal Interests ◽  
Past Half

During the past half dozen years events have been moving pretty fast in the field of arithmetic. I may be the victim of an illusion—an illusion arising from concentration of attention upon a matter of considerable personal interest, yet I have other personal interests, and to those interests I have often devoted more attention than I have ever given to arithmetic. It is my deliberate judgment, to be taken for what it is worth, that an unusually rapid change is taking place in the subject-matter of arithmetic and in the objectives entertained by students and teachers of the subject. To document this would perhaps be tedious. One may, however, point to one large general trend which includes within itself many subordinate trends and implies still others as a natural consequence.

scholarly journals Permission to use prohibited and unclean items and its role in Islamic economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Alishahi G ◽  
Bi Bi Zainab Hoessini ◽  
Isa Tamini
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Subject

The ruling prohibiting the use of prohibited and unclean items is found in the Holy Qur'an and the hadiths from the infallible imams (AS). The jurists consider the cause of the ruling of permission and prohibition of things to be their benefits and harms. The question is whether such benefits and harms making up the prohibition and permission of the use are fixed and permanent or they may change in the nature and subject matter? In the past, due to the lack of scientific and technical advancements, the benefits and uses of the prohibited items were not discovered or, in those circumstances, such uses were not possible, but the harmful aspect of prevailed. A number of jurists have categorically prohibited the use of prohibited and unclean items. Others, however, believe that in some cases, such as necessity, duress, etc., their use is permissible. A third group of jurists also believe that such uses are subject to conditions. With regard to the dynamic nature of Islamic jurisprudence, the role of time and place, and the change in the subject matter of the rulings and their instances in ijtihad, it would seem possible to issue a permission to use such items; so that in this way, solutions can be provided in cases such as treatment, job creation, and industry prosperity as well as the release from economic and livelihood bottlenecks.

scholarly journals 楊德昌的殉道英雄與歷史反思：重看《牯嶺街少年殺人事件》

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (36) ◽  
pp. 197-222
Author(s):  
謝世宗 謝世宗
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Moral Ideals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Historical Reflection ◽  
The Cost

<p>楊德昌的《牯嶺街少年殺人事件》（1991）由於研究材料取得上的困難，二十五年來的研究論文仍然相當有限。不同於形式分析、女性主義、後殖民理論與心理分析的角度，本文以新批評的細讀與敘事學的方法，釐清電影如何透過角色的類比與對比，包含政治的現實主義者、道德的理想主義者與勢利的弄權者之間的妥協與衝突，在舞臺上架構出一齣殉道者的道德悲劇。其次，透過《牯嶺街》作為一部歷史電影，脈絡化上述的人物角色與道德衝突，探討1960年代的國家機器如何形塑了一群道德的理想主義者，而他們理想主義又為何必然與整個時代產生矛盾與衝突。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Due to its inconvenient access, Edward Yang’s masterpiece A Brighter Summer Day, for the past twenty five years, has ellicited very few research articles. To make a contribution to this premature scholarship, this article focuses on the subject matter of the film and employes the method of narratology to argue that through the devices of similarity and contrast, Yang presents an ambitious moral tragedy on the cinematic stage where the heros attempt to realize their moral ideals even at the cost of their inclinations, self-interests and lives. Viewing the film as Yang’s historical reflection on the 1960s, the article then unravel the ways by which the state apparatuse interpellates some individuals into moral subjects and explicate why these moral idealists are doomed to confront and conflict with the millieu. </p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Roberto Caracciolo De laudibus sanctorum kötete egy magyar prédikátor kezében

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Tóthné Radó
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Hungarian Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Religious Festivals ◽  
Explicit Reference ◽  
The Subject

The name and the works of Roberto Caracciolo have been well known for some time to those involved in the study of medieval Hungarian literature. He is recognised as one of the major sources for the Codex Érdy. In the past few months, we have discovered and examined a copy of Roberto Caracciolo’s De laudibus sanctorum, which supports the argument that this collection was not only a significant work of reference in Western Europe, but it proved useful for preachers in Hungary as well. The 1489 edition of De laudibus sanctorum published in Venice by Georgius Arriuabenus features an entry that lists the various religious festivals where the owner of the volume had preached, the topics of his sermons and the sources of his inspiration. There is an explicit reference to the time and place of the entry: 1495–1496, Pécs. In my study I present and discuss this unique document which justifies and supplements what we already know in the field of ars compilandi. The short drafts for sermons reveal which reference books were used by the preacher. The divisions point out the most important themes of the sermons, which can be compared with the content of the original versions. Furthermore, we can identify the method with which the subject matter was arranged and organised into a complete sermon.

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