scholarly journals Snow-Collection Mechanisms and the Capacities of Snow Fences

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 248-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Drift Length ◽  
Snow Fence ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Snow Fences ◽  
Sheltering Effect ◽  
Threshold Wind Speed

The shapes of equilibrium lee drifts formed by snow fences are scaled in proportion to height of snow fences independent of the snow and weather conditions, even in small-scale models, but those of up-wind drifts are not. Field studies have been made of the snow-collection mechanisms of a snow fence. It has been observed that particles of saltated snow piled up to windward, and that it was the previously suspended particles that were heaped up in the lee drift. It can be shown that the shapes of up-wind drifts vary in different snow and weather conditions because threshold shear stress and drift-snow saltation depend on the physical properties of the surface snow. Equilibrium lee drifts are scaled in proportion to fence height, because snow and weather conditions have less effect on threshold wind speed for suspension, and the sheltering effect of a fence is scaled in proportion to the height of the fence. The dimensions of the equilibrium drifts at snow fences were measured, and maximum snow-retention capacity and lee-drift length presented as a function of fence height, fence density, and depth of snow cover.

scholarly journals Snow-Collection Mechanisms and the Capacities of Snow Fences

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 248-251
Author(s):  
Masao Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Drift Length ◽  
Snow Fence ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Snow Fences ◽  
Sheltering Effect ◽  
Threshold Wind Speed

The shapes of equilibrium lee drifts formed by snow fences are scaled in proportion to height of snow fences independent of the snow and weather conditions, even in small-scale models, but those of up-wind drifts are not.Field studies have been made of the snow-collection mechanisms of a snow fence. It has been observed that particles of saltated snow piled up to windward, and that it was the previously suspended particles that were heaped up in the lee drift. It can be shown that the shapes of up-wind drifts vary in different snow and weather conditions because threshold shear stress and drift-snow saltation depend on the physical properties of the surface snow.Equilibrium lee drifts are scaled in proportion to fence height, because snow and weather conditions have less effect on threshold wind speed for suspension, and the sheltering effect of a fence is scaled in proportion to the height of the fence.The dimensions of the equilibrium drifts at snow fences were measured, and maximum snow-retention capacity and lee-drift length presented as a function of fence height, fence density, and depth of snow cover.

scholarly journals Pengembangan model permainan tradisional untuk membangun karakter pada siswa SD kelas atas

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puput Widodo ◽  
Ria Lumintuarso
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
School Students ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
The Media

Penelitian ini mengadaptasi penelitian dan pengembangan pendidikan model Borg & Gall dengan menyederhanakan menjadi 2 tahapan sebagai berikut (1) tahap pra-pengembangan, tahapan ini meliputi (a) kajian literatur dan penelitian relevan dan (b) studi lapangan, (2) tahap pengembangan, tahapan ini meliputi (a) penyusunan draf, (b) validasi ahli, (c) uji coba model skala kecil, (d) uji coba model skala besar, dan (e) produk akhir. Uji coba skala kecil dilakukan terhadap 30 anak kelas atas SDN Aditirto Pejagoan Kebumen, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Uji coba skala besar dilakukan terhadap 130 anak kelas atas dari SD Negeri 1 Karangpoh, 26 siswa SD Negeri 1 Logede, 22 siswa SD Negeri 4 Pejagoan, 24 siswa SD Negeri 1 Kebulusan, dan 30 siswa SD Negeri 3 Kebulusan Kecamatan Pejagoan, Kabupaten Kebumen, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah wawancara, kuisioner penilaian karakter permainan tradisional, kuisioner observasi pengembangan permainan tradisional, kuisioner observasi keefektifan model permainan tradisional, kuisioner penilian observasi ahli media, dan kuisioner evaluasi siswa. Hasil penelitian berupa pengembangan model permainan tradisional terdiri dari 3 jenis permainan yaitu: (1) permainan goteng, (2) lari papan/segi empat, dan (3) kasti tangan. Berdasarkan penilaian para ahli materi dan guru penjasorkes dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan model permainan tradisional yang disusun sangat baik dan efektif, sehingga model permainan layak digunakan untuk pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani pada siswa kelas atas. Developing Models of Traditional Games to Build Characters of Elementary School Students of Upper Grades AbstractThe study was conducted through two stages by adapting the research and development of educational models Borg & Gall as follows (1) pre-development stage, this stage include (a) review of relevant literature and research, and (b) field studies, (2) the development stage, this stage include; (a) drafting, (b) validation expert, (c) testing of small-scale models, (d) testing large-scale models, and (e) of the final product.The small-scale tryout was conducted by involving 30 students of upper grades of state elementary schools (SES) of Aditirto, Pejagoan sub-district, Kebumen regency, Central Java porovinsi. The large-scale tryout was conducted by involving 130 students of upper grades of SES 1 of Karangpoh, 26 students of SES 1 of Logede, 22 students of SES 4 of Pejagoan, 24 students of SES 1 of Kebulusan, and 30 students of SES 3 of Kebulusan Pejagoan sub-district, Kebumen regency, Central Java porovinsi. The data collecting instruments were an interview guideline, a questionnaire to assess characters of traditional games, a questionnaire to assess the traditional game development, a questionnaire for the assessment by the media expert, and a questionnaire for the evaluation by students. The results of the study of the development of models of traditional games were three types of games, i.e: (1) goteng game, (2) board/rectangle running, and (3) hand kasti. Based on the assessment by the materials experts and the teachers of physical, sports, and health education, it could be concluded that the developed modals of traditional games were very good and effective so that they were appropriate to be used in the learning physical education for the students of upper grades.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT MODELOF TRADITIONAL GAME (GONTENG) AS PHYSICAL EDUCATION LEARNING IN CHARACTER BUILDING FOR UPPER CLASS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Puput Widodo ◽  
Ibnu Prasetyo Widiyono ◽  
Yogi Ferdy Iriawan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
School Students ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
The Media ◽  
Character Building ◽  
Traditional Game

<p><em>The study was conducted through two stages: (1) pre-development stage, which  includes; (a) review of relevant literature and research, and (b) field studies, (2) the development stage,which includes; (a) drafting, (b) validation expert, (c) testing of small-scale models, (d) testing large-scale models, and (e) of the final product.The small-scale tryout was conducted by involving 30 students of upper grades. The large-scale tryout was conducted by involving 130 students of upper grades. The data collecting instruments were an interview guideline, a questionnaire to assess characters of traditional games, a questionnaire to assess the traditional game development, a questionnaire for the assessment by the media expert, and a questionnaire for the evaluation by students. Based on the assessment by experts andteachers of physical, sports, and health education, it was  concluded that the developed models of traditional games were effective to be used in the learning for the students of upper grades.</em></p>

scholarly journals Cognitive map formation through haptic and visual exploration of tactile city-like maps

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Loes Ottink ◽  
Marit Hoogendonk ◽  
Christian F. Doeller ◽  
Thea M. Van der Geest ◽  
Richard J. A. Van Wezel
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Map Learning ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
Tactile Maps

AbstractIn this study, we compared cognitive map formation of small-scale models of city-like environments presented in visual or tactile/haptic modalities. Previous research often addresses only a limited amount of cognitive map aspects. We wanted to combine several of these aspects to elucidate a more complete view. Therefore, we assessed different types of spatial information, and consider egocentric as well as allocentric perspectives. Furthermore, we compared haptic map learning with visual map learning. In total 18 sighted participants (9 in a haptic condition, 9 visuo-haptic) learned three tactile maps of city-like environments. The maps differed in complexity, and had five marked locations associated with unique items. Participants estimated distances between item pairs, rebuilt the map, recalled locations, and navigated two routes, after learning each map. All participants overall performed well on the spatial tasks. Interestingly, only on the complex maps, participants performed worse in the haptic condition than the visuo-haptic, suggesting no distinct advantage of vision on the simple map. These results support ideas of modality-independent representations of space. Although it is less clear on the more complex maps, our findings indicate that participants using only haptic or a combination of haptic and visual information both form a quite accurate cognitive map of a simple tactile city-like map.

scholarly journals Roughness Lengths for Momentum and Heat Derived from Outdoor Urban Scale Models

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1067-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kanda ◽  
M. Kanega ◽  
T. Kawai ◽  
R. Moriwaki ◽  
H. Sugawara
Keyword(s):  
Wind Direction ◽  
Roughness Length ◽  
Scale Dependence ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Roughness Lengths ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
Obstacle Height

Abstract Urban climate experimental results from the Comprehensive Outdoor Scale Model (COSMO) were used to estimate roughness lengths for momentum and heat. Two different physical scale models were used to investigate the scale dependence of the roughness lengths; the large scale model included an aligned array of 1.5-m concrete cubes, and the small scale model had a geometrically similar array of 0.15-m concrete cubes. Only turbulent data from the unstable boundary layers were considered. The roughness length for momentum relative to the obstacle height was dependent on wind direction, but the scale dependence was not evident. Estimated values agreed well with a conventional morphometric relationship. The logarithm of the roughness length for heat relative to the obstacle height depended on the scale but was insensitive to wind direction. COSMO data were used successfully to regress a theoretical relationship between κB−1, the logarithmic ratio of roughness length for momentum to heat, and Re*, the roughness Reynolds number. Values of κB−1 associated with Re* for three different urban sites from previous field experiments were intercompared. A surprising finding was that, even though surface geometry differed from site to site, the regressed function agreed with data from the three urban sites as well as with the COSMO data. Field data showed that κB−1 values decreased as the areal fraction of vegetation increased. The observed dependency of the bulk transfer coefficient on atmospheric stability in the COSMO data could be reproduced using the regressed function of Re* and κB−1, together with a Monin–Obukhov similarity framework.

Fine-Scale Fire Spread in Pine Straw

Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Daryn Sagel ◽  
Kevin Speer ◽  
Scott Pokswinski ◽  
Bryan Quaife
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Visible Images

Most wildland and prescribed fire spread occurs through ground fuels, and the rate of spread (RoS) in such environments is often summarized with empirical models that assume uniform environmental conditions and produce a unique RoS. On the other hand, representing the effects of local, small-scale variations of fuel and wind experienced in the field is challenging and, for landscape-scale models, impractical. Moreover, the level of uncertainty associated with characterizing RoS and flame dynamics in the presence of turbulent flow demonstrates the need for further understanding of fire dynamics at small scales in realistic settings. This work describes adapted computer vision techniques used to form fine-scale measurements of the spatially and temporally varying RoS in a natural setting. These algorithms are applied to infrared and visible images of a small-scale prescribed burn of a quasi-homogeneous pine needle bed under stationary wind conditions. A large number of distinct fire front displacements are then used statistically to analyze the fire spread. We find that the fine-scale forward RoS is characterized by an exponential distribution, suggesting a model for fire spread as a random process at this scale.

scholarly journals Managing Bees for Delivering Biological Control Agents and Improved Pollination in Berry and Fruit Cultivation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki M. T. Hokkanen ◽  
Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen ◽  
Marja-Leena Lahdenpera
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Dissemination Activity ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Disease Pressure

<p>Targeted precision biocontrol and improved pollination were studied Europe-wide in the EU ERA-NET CORE ORGANIC 2 project BICOPOLL (Biocontrol and Pollination). A case study was conducted on the management of strawberry grey mold <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, with the biocontrol fungus, <em>Gliocladium catenulatum</em>, vectored by honey bees or bumble bees. A joint field trial carried out in five countries targeted strawberry cultivations in open field, and included four treatments: untreated control, chemical fungicide, entomovectored biocontrol, and chemical and biocontrol combined. In organic fields, no pesticide treatments were included. The proportion of moldy berries, and/or the marketable yield of healthy berries were recorded from each treatment, along with other parameters of local interest. A pilot study was started in Finland in 2006, and, by 2012, large commercial farms were using entomovectoring. In 2012, field trials were started in Estonia and in Italy, and in 2013-14, these experiments were expanded to Slovenia and Turkey. In total, 26 field tests were conducted using entomovectoring and <em>Gliocladium catenulatum</em> (Prestop<sup>®</sup> Mix) on strawberry, with five additional trials on raspberry. Efficacy results have been excellent throughout the field studies. The results show crop protection equalling or exceeding that provided by a full chemical fungicide program, under all weather conditions, and over a wide geographical range (from Finland to Turkey). Under heavy disease pressure, entomovectoring provided on average a 47% disease reduction, which was the same as multiple fungicide sprays. Under light disease pressure, biocontrol decreased grey mold by an average of 66%, which was greater than fungicide sprays. The concept has proven to be effective on strawberries, raspberries, pears, apples, blueberries, cherries, and grapes. A conservative estimate for Finland is that over 500 ha of strawberry cultivation currently use the technique (≈15% of the strawberry growing area). To make full use of the entomovectoring technique, organic berry and fruit growers are encouraged to (i) keep bees, or to hire the service from local beekeepers for entomovectoring; and (ii) manage vegetation within and around the target crop to support the activity of bees and other pollinators, which can help to disseminate the beneficial microbial populations within the crop. Beekeepers are encouraged to (i) market pollination and biocontrol services to fruit and berry growers, and (ii) ensure that all operations are effective in mananging bees and their microbe dissemination activity. Biocontrol product manufacturers are encouraged to further develop products and their formulations specifically for entomovectoring, because current formulations are suboptimal as they are initially optimized for other uses (e.g., mixing into the soil).</p>

scholarly journals Seed production of lemon balm and the quality of its seeds in the middle of the Volga region

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Ilya Alexandrovich Khapugin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Melissa Officinalis ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Lemon Balm ◽  
Maximum Productivity ◽  
Scale Experiment

The influence of mineral fertilizers on seed productivity and quality of obtained seeds of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) was studied in the field small-scale experiment under conditions of unstable moistening of the Mordovia Republic. As a result, it was found that seed productivity varied depending on weather conditions and the types of fertilizers introduced. It was shown that the maximum productivity of Melissa officinalis plants was on the variant with the use of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers at a dose of P60K90 (71.2±78.5 g/m2 in 2017 and 48.8±4.3 g/m2 in 2018), while it exceeded the control variant by 74-91 %. The total germination of seeds of Melissa officinalis practically did not change over the years, and was in the range of 37-39 %. Separation of seeds according to the degree of aging allowed to increase germination 11.4-13.3 %.  

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