Einstein, Inventors, and Invention

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Hughes

The ArgumentAlbert Einstein had more than a passing and trivial involvement with patents and inventions. The historian seeking to fathom Einstein's thought processes would be ill-advised to pass lightly over his years at the Swiss Federal Patent office (1902–1909) and to consider his professional advice-giving about patents and his patenting of his inventions as merely peripheral to his core concerns and cognitive style. Years of reading patents and visualizing the machines, devices, and electromagnetic phenomena described in them is a formative experience. A number of inventors besides Einstein enhanced their power of visualization from reading and writing patent claims. It is reasonable to conclude that the Patent Office years honed his remarkable gift for visually conceptualizing systematic artifactual relationships that he used in articulating theory.

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Minor

While a great scientist such as Albert Einstein may seem to work in another dimension of thought, Einstein struggled with converting that thought into words. He found a “model for scientific historical writing” in the work of Ernst Mach, an Austrian physicist. Mach's model, as modified by Einstein, takes the reader through the writer's thought processes—discovery of an anomaly, free variation of mental images, finding the invariant in those images, and the communication in words of the new concept. Einstein followed this model in his famous 1905 relativity paper, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies [1].


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.36) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
S. Sreena ◽  
M. Ilankumaran

Communication plays an important role nowadays. The transmission and interchange of ideas, facts, and feelings of action are known as communication. It is done through words, actions, signs, objects or combination of all these. Communication skills are needed in each and every field of life. Everyone uses a language to communicate and to express oneself to get ideas and to connect with persons for a purpose. There are four basic skills of learning English language such as speaking, listening, reading and writing. The difficulties in speaking and writing can be found and then improved by some classroom activities by the way of giving task to the students for listening. Teachers give assignments to the learners to develop their writing skills. Cognition refers to the mental activities like thinking, remembering, memory, learning, comprehension, perception, motivation and using a language. The understanding and learning of information and concept is known as the cognitive approach. It is an approach that maintains how a person feels and behaves. Cognitive learning is about developing true understanding and is a way of learning that helps the learners to use their brains more effectively. The configuration of thought processes and psychological activities like problem solving and decision making from early childhood to adulthood is called as the cognitive development.  This article deals with the ways and means of enhancing the speaking skills by intensive practise, writing through different activities and improving the receptive skills of the learners through cognitive approach.  


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Shavana Rajya Laxmi Rana

Rejection is faced by all of us; it is upon us to take it in one’s stride. If we consider rejection as a step in scientific writing, handling a rejection becomes easy and bearable. The very fact that most of the well known scientific authors have faced rejection somewhere down their academic career would perhaps help most of the academicians to take rejections logically. It is no wonder to many academicians that even Albert Einstein had been rejected for the post of Lecturer in numerous universities and worked as a clerk in a Patent office.1 The letter of rejection might state various reasons, common ones being lack of originality, incomprehensibility, poor scientific reasoning or unsuitable to that journal’s readership. No matter what the reason may have been, a set format of polite rejection mail from the most journals is quite familiar to most of us. This is a very important guiding principle for improvement of the quality of the article. This should be taken as a stepping-stone in the process of acceptance for publication. The rejection rate of journals can vary tremendously. Generally, the higher the academic value of the journal, the higher the rejection rate. Most of us are discouraged by the higher rejection of the highly reputed journals. Many reputed journals have a rejection rate of 80 to 85%.2 However, the best part of highly reputed journals is that along with their polite mail of rejection, they also send the expert opinion of the reviewers why the particular article would have been rejected. In this regards, it is sometimes more logical to consider such reputed journals for ones submission. If the rejection mail arrives in less than a month, then it is probable that it was not sent to a reviewer and was rejected by the editors, in view of basic formatting not being in consonant with the journal or the substance matter not fitting in with the scope of the journal. It is upon the author to decide whether to reform the article or send it to a new journal after the rejection. Generally, the pool of reviewers for many reputed journals have many names common. So, if the author does not modify the article and submit it to another journal, very likely, the reviewer’s comments also remain the same. Usually if the reviewer has sent some comments, amending the article according to the critical comments and resubmitting is wise and more scientific rather than hunting exasperatedly for optional journals. It is always advisable to rethink and spend some time reforming your article according to the journal’s guidelines and the reviewer checklists. And many of the times, it would be much prudent to take the reviewer’s comments seriously and it would surprise the author how his/her article can turn out so beautiful after modifications. If you are not ready to accept the reviewer’s comments, it is better to give reason validating your writing but continuous letter of rejection demands serious rethinking of the whole approach.


1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen E. Peixotto ◽  
Allen Rowe

The construct of cognitive style in relation to cognitive disposition was investigated by means of a task involving conflicting cues or cognitive distractors, the Stroop test. Differences in cognitive disposition were obtained by using Ss, showing psychopathology: schizophrenics, psychoneurotics and normals. Schizophrenics showed the most interference from the distractors and normals the least. These results are discussed according to Peters' intensional-extensional hypothesis indicating that an intensional attentive attitude is more characteristic of the thought processes of schizophrenics than of normals and that psychoneurotics hold an intermediate position between these two extreme groups.


2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-421
Author(s):  
Arnold Burgen

We all know that Charles Darwin arrived at the great synthesis of evolution working alone in the seclusion of Down House (yet even he encountered some publication problems!) and that Albert Einstein also worked in isolation in the Patent Office in Bern. Scientists working alone can continue to make great discoveries, but in the past half century the nature of much of scientific research has undergone major changes. These changes are partly due to the tremendous expansion of the research community and institutions, which in former times consisted of a handful of individuals, but have increased in size by one or more orders of magnitude.


1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.


2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Montgomery

Abstract As increasing numbers of speech language pathologists (SLPs) have embraced their burgeoning roles in written as well as spoken language intervention, they have recognized that there is much to be gained from the research in reading. While some SLPs reportedly fear they will “morph” into reading teachers, many more are confidently aware that SLPs who work with adult clients routinely use reading as one of their rehabilitation modalities. Reading functions as both a tool to reach language in adults, and as a measure of successful therapy. This advanced cognitive skill can serve the same purpose for children. Language is the foundational support to reading. Consequently spoken language problems are often predictors of reading and writing challenges that may be ahead for the student (Juel & Deffes, 2004; Moats, 2001; Wallach, 2004). A targeted review of reading research may assist the SLP to appreciate the language/reading interface.


VASA ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bollinger ◽  
Rüttimann

Die Geschichte des sackförmigen oder fusiformen Aneurysmas reicht in die Zeit der alten Ägypter, Byzantiner und Griechen zurück. Vesal 1557 und Harvey 1628 führten den Begriff in die moderne Medizin ein, indem sie bei je einem Patienten einen pulsierenden Tumor intra vitam feststellten und post mortem verifizierten. Weitere Eckpfeiler bildeten die Monographien von Lancisi und Scarpa im 18. bzw. beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert. Die erste wirksame Therapie bestand in der Kompression des Aneurysmasacks von außen, die zweite in der Arterienligatur, der John Hunter 1785 zum Durchbruch verhalf. Endoaneurysmoraphie (Matas) und Umhüllung mit Folien wurden breit angewendet, bevor Ultraschalldiagnostik und Bypass-Chirurgie Routineverfahren wurden und die Prognose dramatisch verbesserten. Die diagnostischen und therapeutischen Probleme in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts werden anhand von zwei prominenten Patienten dargestellt, Albert Einstein und Thomas Mann, die beide im Jahr 1955 an einer Aneurysmaruptur verstarben.


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