The current status of the motherese hypothesis

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lila R. Gleitman ◽  
Elissa L. Newport ◽  
Henry Gleitman
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Current Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Language Growth ◽  
Maternal Speech ◽  
Age Range

ABSTRACTPartially conflicting results from correlational studies of maternal speech style and its effects on child language learning motivate a comparative discussion of Newport, Gleitman & Gleitman (1977) and Furrow, Nelson & Benedict (1979), and a reanalysis of the original Newport et al. data. In the current analysis the data are from two groups of children equated for age, in response to the methodological questions raised by Furrow et al.; but, in line with the original Newport et al. analysis, linguistic differences between these age-equated children are handled by partial correlation. Under this new analysis the original results reported by Newport et al. are reproduced. In addition, however, most effects of the mother on the child's language growth are found to be restricted to a very young age group. Moreover, the new analysis suggests that increased complexity of maternal speech is positively correlated with child language growth in this age range. The findings are discussed in terms of a theoretical analysis of the Motherese Hypothesis; the conditions of both learner and environment in which ‘simplified’ data could aid a learner. Finally, the results of our past work, those of Furrow et al., and those of the present analysis, are discussed as they fit into, and add to, current theorizing about the language acquisition process.

Change in maternal speech rate to preverbal infants over the first two years of life

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1263-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele RANERI ◽  
Katie VON HOLZEN ◽  
Rochelle NEWMAN ◽  
Nan BERNSTEIN RATNER
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Children First ◽  
Maternal Speech ◽  
Preverbal Infants ◽  
Low Rate

AbstractAims: Although IDS is typically described as slower than adult-directed speech (ADS), potential impacts of slower speech on language development have not been examined. We explored whether IDS speech rates in 42 mother–infant dyads at four time periods predicted children's language outcomes at two years. Method: We correlated IDS speech rate with child language outcomes at two years, and contrasted outcomes in dyads displaying high/low rate profiles. Outcomes: Slower IDS rate at 7 months significantly correlated with vocabulary knowledge at two years. Slowed IDS may benefit child language learning even before children first speak.

scholarly journals Estimating, monitoring, and forecasting COVID-19 epidemics: a spatiotemporal approach applied to NYC data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius V. L. Albani ◽  
Roberto M. Velho ◽  
Jorge P. Zubelli
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Monitoring And Forecasting ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Spatial Locations

AbstractWe propose a susceptible-exposed-infective-recovered-type (SEIR-type) meta-population model to simulate and monitor the (COVID-19) epidemic evolution. The basic model consists of seven categories, namely, susceptible (S), exposed (E), three infective classes, recovered (R), and deceased (D). We define these categories for n age and sex groups in m different spatial locations. Therefore, the resulting model contains all epidemiological classes for each age group, sex, and location. The mixing between them is accomplished by means of time-dependent infection rate matrices. The model is calibrated with the curve of daily new infections in New York City and its boroughs, including census data, and the proportions of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths for each age range. We finally obtain a model that matches the reported curves and predicts accurate infection information for different locations and age classes.

A Descriptive study to assess the level of knowledge regarding Menopause among rural women of age group 45-55 years at Kot Bhalwal, Jammu

2021 ◽  
pp. 315-316
Author(s):  
Deva Pon Pushpam. I.
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Western World ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Age Range

One of the most important stage in women`s life is menopause. The word menopause simply refers to the last menstrual period which is defined by not having had a period in 12 months. The average age of menopause in western world is 51 years while as in India it is 47.5 years and the normal age range for the occurrence of menopause is somewhat between the age of 45 and 55 years. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge regarding menopause among rural women of age group 45-55 years at Kot Bhalwal, Jammu. The objectives were to assess the level of knowledge regarding menopause among rural women of age group 45-55 years at Kot Bhalwal, Jammu and to associate the level of knowledge regarding menopause with their selected socio demographic variables. Quantitative approach, descriptive research design was used. 100 women of 45–55 years age who fulfil the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected using purposive sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire was developed for the study. The tool was tested for content validity and reliability prior to the study. The collected data was tabulated, analysed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics and findings showed that majority of the sample 97(97%) had below average level of knowledge, 3(3%) had average level of knowledge and 0(0%) had above average level of knowledge and there was no significant association between the selected socio-demographic variables and the level of knowledge.

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF NORMAL CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO FIVE YEARS OF AGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-361
Author(s):  
GERARD GROS ◽  
ARMOND GORDON ◽  
ROBERT MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Age Group ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Q Wave

The ECGs of 104 normal children from a few hours old to 5 years of age were studied. These ECGs consisted of the standard limb leads, the aV limb leads and six precordial leads: V4R, V1, V2, V4, V5 and V6. While the number of cases in each group are small, the following conclusions are suggested by this study: 1. ECGs of the newborn infant present important variations from those seen in later life. This is especially true during the first week of life. Thereafter the contour evolves [SEE FIG. 2 IN SOURCE PDF] in a definite manner until the adult-like pattern is reached. 2. The vertical and semivertical "electric" positions were the most frequently encountered in this age group. 3. P-waves present a rather permanent pattern in this age range: a. is usually upright in lead 1 and 2, aVF, V4, V5 and V6. b. is usually inverted in lead 2 and aVR. c. is either upright, inverted or diphasic in lead 3, aVL, V4R, V1 and V2. 4. The P-R interval varies from 0.10 sec. minimum to 0.16 sec. maximum with the average being 0.12 sec. in this age range. It tends to become greater in the older age groups. 5. QRS duration is shorter in the younger age groups and increases slowly with age. 6. Polyphasic, M-shaped or slurred QRS complexes are not uncommon in the ECGs of normal children in this age range. 7. A Q wave is frequently absent in lead 1 and in all chest leads during the first week of life. Thereafter up to 5 years of age the pattern of the Q wave is as follows: a. Q is generally absent in lead 1, V4R, V1, V2 and V4. b. Q is generally present in lead 3, V4R, aVF, V5 and V6. 8. There is a distinct pattern of right ventricular dominance in leads from the sternum and to its right at birth. This pattern gradually undergoes involution, probably related to normal physiologic development, until the left ventricle becomes dominant. Thus the evolution of the S-wave parallels a gradual involution of the R-wave in right precordial leads and probably also in aVR. This dominance of the left ventricle over the entire precordium is usual by about 3 years, but may be delayed normally until 5 years of age. 9. The T-wave is upright or diphasic in V4R, V1, and V2 and inverted in V5 and V6 for the first 24 hours of life; it gradually alters so that by the fourth day it is inverted in V4R, V1 and V2 and upright in V5 and V6 and thereafter. 10. The transition zone of QRS varies from one age group to another and tends in some ages to be broad. In some instances no real transition zone can be determined.

scholarly journals The Effect of Brain-Based Teaching on Young EFL Learners’ Self-Efficacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parastoo Alizadeh Oghyanous
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
Teaching Approach ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Age Range

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of brain-based teaching on the self-efficacy of young EFL learners. The initial participants of the study were 90 learners within the age range of 13-16 who were selected based on convenience sampling. Theses 90 young EFL learners were given a Flyers test the scores of which were used to choose 60 homogeneous learners whose scores fell within the range of +/- one standard deviation from the mean. The 60 selected learners were then divided into an experimental and a control group. A Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C), developed by Muris (2001) was administered to the participants in both groups before and after the treatment after being translated into Persian and piloted for reliability check. To implement brain-based teaching in the experimental group, the researcher taught the lessons based on the three techniques of Brain Based Teaching Approach (BBTA). The three techniques used were Relaxed Alertness (RA), Orchestrated Immersion (OI) and Active Processing (AP) in line with Thomas and Swamy (2014). The results of statistical analyses indicated that brain-based teaching approach had a significant effect on students’ self-efficacy. The findings of the study can have implications for both students and EFL teachers in the realm of foreign language learning and teaching.

scholarly journals THE CASE OF DEATH FROM LIVER CIRRHOSIS IN THE FEMALE PATIENT WITH HIV INFECTION AND INFILTRATIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
I. Yu. Babaeva ◽  
M. G. Avdeeva ◽  
N. P. Shevchenko ◽  
V. V Kulagin ◽  
G. V Chumachenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Viral Hepatitis C ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis C

The paper presents comparative results of estimation of mortality from HIV infection, tuberculosis (TB), fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver of nonalcoholic nature according to age group for the residents of the Krasnodar region for the period 2006 to 2011. The average age range of the probable development of death from HIV infection was 35-39, from tuberculosis - 45-49 and from liver cirrhosis 55-59 years. Given clinical case is demonstrating the importance of the underestimation of hepatitis "C" complicating diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with HIV infection, suffering from secondary diseases: pulmonary tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, herpes infection, candidiasis. After a comprehensive review of the examples the authors provide recommendations for monitoring and management of patients with ТВ and HIV infection and chronic viral hepatitis "C".

scholarly journals Parenting Styles and Suicidal Ideation in Pakistani Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Naveed Sultan ◽  
Zainab Javed
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Suicidal Risk ◽  
Parental Authority Questionnaire ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Scale

Suicide is described as death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with any intent to die as a result of the behavior. Adolescence is a period of marked risk for suicide. This study was carried out to find out the relationship of parenting style and suicidal ideation of adolescents. A sample of (N= 200) with age range of 13 to 19 years from different schools of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan was selected. Two instruments were used in study:  Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and Suicidal Risk Scale (SRS). Pearson partial correlation was applied to analyze the data. The findings shows permissive mother parenting style is significantly positively correlated with authoritarian mother parenting, permissive father parenting, authoritarian father parenting, and suicidal ideation. Whereas, authoritarian mother parenting style significantly positively correlated with permissive father parenting, authoritarian father parenting, and suicidal ideation. Meanwhile authoritative/flexible mother parenting style is significantly negatively correlated with permissive father parenting, authoritarian father parenting, and suicidal ideation.

scholarly journals How Will the Use of Technology in Translation and Testing Affect Language Learning?

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Michael Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Human Element ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
The One ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Impact

Technology has an ever increasing impact on how we work and live. Article adressed the issue of the impact of technology in two key areas of language learning. On the one side learners increasingly used technology to translate. Given this trend, was there any real need to learn a language. On the other side, educational institutions increasingly used technology to rate language proficiency. Given this trend, would the work of the teacher become less and less important. The survey was conducted by using quantitative method. The respondents’ age range was 18-25. There were 53 respondents, 35% were male and 65% were female. The instrument was a questionaire having 9 questions describing the students’ reliance on computer in translation. It can be concluded that learners of English indicate that they accept and welcome the role of technology in language learning, but there is a doubt that the role and participation of humans in the learning process will be completely replaced. The human element remains an important ingredient. (EE)

scholarly journals Prevalence of carotid and femoral artery atherosclerosis among the Ivanovo Oblast population: data from the ATEROGEN-Ivanovo study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 2994
Author(s):  
A. I. Ershova ◽  
T. V. Balakhonova ◽  
A. N. Meshkov ◽  
V. A. Kutsenko ◽  
E. B. Yarovaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Very High ◽  
Low Cardiovascular Risk

Aim. To study the prevalence of carotid (CA) and femoral artery (FA) atherosclerosis among Russian population, mainly in middle age group, using a representative sample of one of the Central Russian regions.Material and methods. The analysis included participants of the ATEROGEN-Ivanovo study (sub-study of the ESSE-RF conducted in the Ivanovo region) aged 40-67 years, who were invited for CA and FA ultrasound to assess plaque presence. A total 1102 people were examined, which was >80% of the original sample.Results. The age of subjects was 54 [48; 60] years (men, 28%). Only 11,2% of participants took statins; 30,9% had low cardiovascular risk (CVR), 35,6% — moderate CVR, 21,8% — high CVR, and 11,8% — very high CVR. The incidence of at least one plaque in CA or FA was 73,6%. The prevalence of CA atherosclerosis was 76,4% in men and 59,1% in women, FA atherosclerosis — 54,9% and 28,3%, respectively. Furthermore, plaques were detected already at the age of 40. The incidence of plaques significantly increased with age, with the exception of carotid atherosclerosis in men, a significant increase in the incidence of which stopped at 45 years of age.Conclusion. Among the Ivanovo population aged 40-67 with a predominance of low-to-moderate CVR patients, there is a high prevalence of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis, which indicates a high potential for using ultrasound for diagnosing subclinical atherosclerosis in assessing CVR in people of this age range.

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