Compound stress in a Norwegian variety of Esperanto

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-284
Author(s):  
Jardar Eggesbø Abrahamsen
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Word Classes

In Norway, there are between 10 and 15 bilingual or multilingual native speakers of Norwegian and Esperanto. This paper discusses some prosodic traits in the Esperanto spoken by one of them. The focus will be on compound stress. The speaker assigns primary stress to the penultimate syllable of words as in Standard Esperanto, including most compounds. Some of the Esperanto compounds, however, display first element primary stress, as in the Norwegian adstrate. In the current dataset, this is especially so for underived nouns. It is proposed that the Norwegian-like pattern is found in compound nouns that are formed spontaneously, while the Standard Esperanto pattern is found in lexicalised compounds, understood as prosodically simplex. For derived compounds in word classes other than nouns, the overall stress pattern is more like that of Standard Esperanto.

scholarly journals Stress Placement in English Quadri-Syllabic and Five-Syllabic Suffixed Words and Their Roots by Pashto Speakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Afzal Khan ◽  
Inayat Ullah ◽  
Aziz Ullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Reading ◽  
English Language ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Primary Word ◽  
Stress Placement

This research study investigates the pattern of English (primary) word stress in quadri-syllabic and five-syllabic suffixed words and their roots by Pashto speakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan and the effect of suffixation on stress placements. These suffixes in English language are called shifters which shift strong stress to the antepenultimate (third from the last), penultimate (second from the last), and ultimately (last) syllables, as well as those suffixes that do not shift strong stress to other syllables. The data was collected from sixteen Pashto language native speakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, by way of recording their oral-reading of a card that contained the selected words. The findings of this study indicate that primary stress pattern varies among quadri-syllabic, and five-syllabic, suffixed words. The three types of suffixes in English language assert different degrees of effect on subjects stress placement, which can influence the amount of correct productions by the subjects. Actually, the suffixes “cial” or “tial” and “ic” state a great effect on subjects primary stress placement, because the subjects were capable of generating the shift in primary stress in penultimate syllable. Unlike the greater number of incorrect productions in “tory” and “ity” suffixed words, the subjects were sensitive to the change of stress pattern, which assists a great number of correct productions in “cial” or “tial” and “ic” suffixed words. The findings disclose the fact that there was extreme unawareness of the strong stress shifting effect by Pashto speakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which further needed more attention.

The role of cross-linguistic stress pattern frequency and word similarity on the acquisition of English stress pattern by native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Post Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
American English ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Target Language ◽  
English As Second Language ◽  
Word Similarity ◽  
L1 Transfer

This is a preliminary study in which we investigate the acquisition of English as second language (L2[1]) word stress by native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (BP, L1[2]). In this paper, we show results of a multiple choice forced choice perception test in which native speakers of American English and native speakers of Dutch judged the production of English words bearing pre-final stress that were both cognates and non-cognates with BP words. The tokens were produced by native speakers of American English and by Brazilians that speak English as a second language. The results have shown that American and Dutch listeners were consistent in their judgments on native and non-native stress productions and both speakers' groups produced variation in stress in relation to the canonical pattern. However, the variability found in American English points to the prosodic patterns of English and the variability found in Brazilian English points to the stress patterns of Portuguese. It occurs especially in words whose forms activate neighboring similar words in the L1. Transfer from the L1 appears both at segmental and prosodic levels in BP English. [1] L2 stands for second language, foreign language, target language. [2] L1 stands for first language, mother tongue, source language.

scholarly journals Nominalization in TIV

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Stephen Shiaondo Ajim ◽  
Iorember Margaret N
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Structural Theory ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Intuitive Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Linguistic Process

Nominalization is a linguistic process of deriving nouns from other word classes or linguistic units. Nominalization is evident in many languages of the world. The Tiv language also exhibits nominalization. This paper critically analyses nominalization in Tiv. The objectives of the paper are: to determine the processes through which nominalization takes place in the Tiv language, the extent to which the processes of nominalization are productive in the Tiv language, and the classes of words and linguistic units that are nominalized in Tiv. Data were sourced from the native speakers of Tiv using the researcher – participant technique. The researchers documented the lexical items used during the interaction, determine the basic components of the lexical items and the word classes such lexical items belonged to. The intuitive knowledge of the researchers as the native speakers of the language was harnessed. The secondary data were sourced from the already existing literatures such as textbooks, journals and the internet. The theory adopted in the paper is Hokett’s (1954) structural theory whose models are the Item-and-Process (I.P) and Item-and-Arrangement (I.P). It has been found out that the processes through which nominalization takes in the Tiv language are prefixation, prefixation plus some modifications, tonality and desententialization (sentence deconstruction). These processes are discovered to be very productive in nominalization in Tiv. It has also been found out that verbs roots and adjectives are the classes of words that are nominalized (lexical nominalization) in the Tiv language together with sentences (syntactic nominalization).

New contrast acquisition: methodological issues and theoretical implications

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER NYCZ
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word List ◽  
Low Back ◽  
City Region ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Back Vowel ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Vowel Contrast

This article presents data on the acquisition of the low back vowel contrast by native speakers of Canadian English who have moved as adults to the New York City region, examining how these speakers who natively possess a single low back vowel category have acquired the low back vowel distinction of the new ambient dialect. The speakers show remarkable first dialect stability with respect to their low back vowel system, even after many years of new dialect exposure: in minimal pair contexts, nearly all of the speakers continue to produce and perceive a single vowel category. However, in word list and conversational contexts, the majority of speakers exhibit a small but significant phonetic difference between words like cot and caught, reflecting the separation of these word classes in the new dialect to which they are exposed; moreover, the realization of these words shows frequency effects consistent with a lexically gradual divergence of the two vowels. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of phonological representation and change, as well as their methodological implications for the study of mergers- and splits-in-progress.

Is second language lexical access prosodically constrained? Processing of word stress by French Canadian second language learners of English

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNIE TREMBLAY
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Canadian French ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Stress Placement

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study are (a) to determine if native speakers of Canadian French at different English proficiencies can use primary stress for recognizing English words and (b) to specify how the second language (L2) learners' (surface-level) knowledge of L2 stress placement influences their use of primary stress in L2 word recognition. Two experiments were conducted: a cross-modal word-identification task investigating (a) and a vocabulary production task investigating (b). The results show that several L2 learners can use primary stress for recognizing English words, but only the L2 learners with targetlike knowledge of stress placement can do so. The results also indicate that knowing where primary stress falls in English words is not sufficient for L2 learners to be able to use stress for L2 lexical access. This suggests that the problem that L2 word stress poses for many native speakers of (Canadian) French is at the level of lexical processing.

Near-mergers and the suspension of phonemic contrast

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Labov ◽  
Mark Karen ◽  
Corey Miller
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Close Approximation ◽  
Standard Conception ◽  
History Of ◽  
Word Classes

ABSTRACTIn 1972, Labov, Yaeger, and Steiner reported a series of “near-mergers” that have since proved to be difficult to assimilate to the standard conception of the phoneme and that challenged our current understanding of how language production is related to perception and learning (Labov, Yaeger, & Steiner, 1972). In these situations, speakers consistently reported that two classes of sounds were “the same,” yet consistently differentiated them in production. Labov (1975a) suggested that this phenomenon was the explanation for two “falsely reported mergers” in the history of English, where word classes were said to have merged and afterward separated. It appears that sound change may bring two phonemes into such close approximation that semantic contrast between them is suspended for native speakers of the dialect, without necessarily leading to merger. This article reports on further observations of near-mergers, which confirm their implications for both synchronic and diachronic issues, and presents the results of experiments that show how phonemic contrast is suspended for an entire community.

Learning to assign stress in a second language: The role of second-language vocabulary size and transfer from the native language in second-language readers of Italian

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-136
Author(s):  
Giacomo Spinelli ◽  
Luciana Forti ◽  
Debra Jared
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Stress Assignment ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
Distributional Information ◽  
Written Word

AbstractLearning to pronounce a written word implies assigning a stress pattern to that word. This task can present a challenge for speakers of languages like Italian, in which stress information must often be computed from distributional properties of the language, especially for individuals learning Italian as a second language (L2). Here, we aimed to characterize the processes underlying the development of stress assignment in native English and native Chinese speakers learning L2 Italian. Both types of bilinguals produced evidence supporting a role of vocabulary size in modulating the type of distributional information used in stress assignment, with an early bias for Italian's dominant stress pattern being gradually replaced by use of associations between orthographic sequences and stress patterns in more advanced bilinguals. We also obtained some evidence for a transfer of stress assignment habits from the bilinguals’ native language to Italian, although only in English native speakers.

scholarly journals Speech Segmentation by Native and Non-Native Speakers

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa D. Sanders ◽  
Helen J. Neville ◽  
Marty G. Woldorff
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Speech Segmentation ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Segmentation Task ◽  
Pattern Information

Varying degrees of plasticity in different subsystems of language have been demonstrated by studies showing that some aspects of language are processed similarly by native speakers and late-learners whereas other aspects are processed differently by the two groups. The study of speech segmentation provides a means by which the ability to process different types of linguistic information can be measured within the same task, because lexical, syntactic, and stress-pattern information can all indicate where one word ends and the next begins in continuous speech. In this study, native Japanese and native Spanish late-learners of English (as well as near-monolingual Japanese and Spanish speakers) were asked to determine whether specific sounds fell at the beginning or in the middle of words in English sentences. Similar to native English speakers, late-learners employed lexical information to perform the segmentation task. However, nonnative speakers did not use syntactic information to the same extent as native English speakers. Although both groups of late-learners of English used stress pattern as a segmentation cue, the extent to which this cue was relied upon depended on the stress-pattern characteristics of their native language. These findings support the hypothesis that learning a second language later in life has differential effects on subsystems within language.

scholarly journals HOMONIM BAHASA KEPULAUAN TUKANG BESI DIALEK KALEDUPA DI KABUPATEN WAKATOBI [The Homonymon of Tukang Besi Island languange in Kaledupa Dialect at Wakatobi Regency]

TOTOBUANG ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susiati Susiati
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Data Selection ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aimed to describe the form of word classes that was deeply conformed in the  Tukang Besi Island languange, Kaledupa dialect at Wakatobi Regency. This research method was qualitative descriptive method. The data source was taken from the native speakers  of Tukang Besi Island language, Kaledupa dialect and it was in oral data. Methods and techniques of data collection were observation methods with participantive observation techniques, recording , and noting techniques. Data analysis techniques were data selection, data classification, meaning, and data analysis. The results proved that the form ofhomonimic word class in  Tukang Besi Island languange, Kaledupan dialect were adjectives with nouns, nouns with nouns, verbs with adjectives, verbs with nouns, nouns with numerals, verbs with verbs, verbs with adverbs, particles with nouns. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan wujud kelas kata yang berhomonim dalam Bahasa Kepulauan Tukang Besi Dialek Kaledupa di Kabupaten Wakatobi. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber datanya diambil dari para penutur asli bahasa Kepulauan Tukang Besi Dialek Kaledupa dan jenis datanya berupa data lisan. Metode dan teknik pengumpulan data, yaitu metode observasi dengan teknik observasi partisipatif, teknik rekam, dan teknik catat. Teknik analisis data, yaitu penyeleksian data, pengklasifikasian data, pemaknaan, dan penganalisisan data. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa wujud kelas kata yang berhomonim dalam bahasa Kelupauan Tukang Besi Dialek Kaledupa, yaitu adjektiva dengan nomina, nomina dengan nomina, verba dengan adjektiva, verba dengan nomina, nomina dengan numeralia, verba dengan verba, verba dengan adverbia, dan partikel dengan nomina.

scholarly journals Fonologi dan Leksikal Bahasa Orang Asli Che Wong

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-100
Author(s):  
Norajihah Muda ◽  
◽  
Zaitul Azma Zainon Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Orang Asli ◽  
International Phonetic Alphabet ◽  
Structural Linguistics ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Over Time

The aboriginal peoples of Malaysia, the orang asli, belong three main groups, namely the Senoi, Negrito and Proto Malays. The Che Wong is a tribe belonging to the Senoi peoples. A large portion of the Che Wong tribe live in Pahang, especially in villages in the areas of Sungai Enggang in Kuala Gandah, Pahang. Based on observation, the Malay language, as a dominant communication language, has influenced the language of the Che Wong tribe. This study focuses on the aspects of the Che Wong language as a medium of communication in Kampung Sungai Enggang, in Kuala Gandah, Pahang. The informants for this study were native speakers of the Che Wong community. The objective of this study was to explain the phonological and lexical aspects of the Che Wong language, using the approach of structural linguistics. The researcher employed a qualitative approach to analyse data obtained through recordings and pronunciation techniques. Transcription was done using symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), with Che Wong vocabulary data based on the Swadesh list and themed word classes. From the analysis, it is found that the Che Wong language has eight vocal phonemes and 20 consonantal phonemes. Based on the themed lexical items, the research also found that there are similarities and differences between the Che Wong and Malay languages. In the themed vocabulary data concerning household items, especially, there are similarities between the Che Wong and Malay languages. However, on the whole, the vocabulary retains much of the Che Wong language. A study of the Che Wong language covering phonological and lexical aspects should be performed to further examine the structure of this language, and to ensure its survival over time.

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