Note on a Method of Bringing Together the Two Spectra Compared in the Ordinary Spectrophotometer

1904 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 496-500
Author(s):  
J. R. Milne
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Narrow Line ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Special Attachment ◽  
Dark Space

In Spectro-Photometry one of the chief difficulties in making accurate measurements lies in the fact that the eye has to judge of the relative intensities of two spectral bands, which, instead of having their adjacent edges in contact, have them separated by a greater or less dark space. Accordingly, to facilitate a piece of spectrophotometrical work in which I am engaged, a Hüfner's rhomb was tried, which is a special attachment designed to overcome this difficulty. On trial, however, I found that by this means the fault is not entirely removed, although the separating dark space is by this means reduced to a very narrow line. The only alternatives to the Hiifner's rhomb which I know are the devices of Brace, and of Lummer and Brodhun. The first of these depends on the employment of a particular kind of prism in the spectroscope. The other device, due to Lummer and Brodhun, places before the ordinary spectroscope prism a special photometer cube. Both these devices, however, suffer from the drawback that they are unsymmetrical as regards the two beams of light, whose relative intensities it is our object to measure.

scholarly journals Grasp to See—Object Classification Using Flexion Glove with Support Vector Machine

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1461
Author(s):  
Shun-Hsin Yu ◽  
Jen-Shuo Chang ◽  
Chia-Hung Dylan Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Object Classification ◽  
Target Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dark Space ◽  
Flex Sensors ◽  
Shape And Size

This paper proposes an object classification method using a flexion glove and machine learning. The classification is performed based on the information obtained from a single grasp on a target object. The flexion glove is developed with five flex sensors mounted on five finger sleeves, and is used for measuring the flexion of individual fingers while grasping an object. Flexion signals are divided into three phases, and they are the phases of picking, holding and releasing, respectively. Grasping features are extracted from the phase of holding for training the support vector machine. Two sets of objects are prepared for the classification test. One is printed-object set and the other is daily-life object set. The printed-object set is for investigating the patterns of grasping with specified shape and size, while the daily-life object set includes nine objects randomly chosen from daily life for demonstrating that the proposed method can be used to identify a wide range of objects. According to the results, the accuracy of the classifications are achieved 95.56% and 88.89% for the sets of printed objects and daily-life objects, respectively. A flexion glove which can perform object classification is successfully developed in this work and is aimed at potential grasp-to-see applications, such as visual impairment aid and recognition in dark space.

Theoretical analysis of ultraviolet spectroscopic studies on the feathering of cream in coffee

1989 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 749-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Pink ◽  
Lucie Hamboyan ◽  
Helen Aboud
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ultraviolet Spectra ◽  
Spectral Bands

SummaryUltraviolet spectra of solutions of instant and filter coffees have been analysed as a linear combination of component Gaussian bands. We show that the ratio, R′, of two of these bands, one at 329 nm due almost entirely to chlorogenic acid, and the other at 272 nm due to a coffee component not appearing in the chlorogenic acid spectrum, is analogous to the ratio R (Hamboyan et al. 1989). The use of R which is easier to measure than R′ has therefore been justified on physical grounds, based on the existence of component spectral bands. Filter coffees appeared to exhibit behaviour similar to that of instant coffees.

En torno a la práctica desaparición de una competencia. El art. 149.1.6 CE y las especialidades procesales autonómicas

2012 ◽  
pp. 103-124
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel CABELLOS ESPIÉRREZ
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Narrow Line ◽  
Autonomous Communities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Substantive Law

LABURPENA: Konstituzioak, 149.1.6 artikuluan, ez zion atea itxi nahi izan autonomia- erkidegoen parte-hartzeari araudi prozesalaren erregulazioan, eta, berez, Estatuari legegintza prozesalaren gainean eman zion eskumen esklusiboa mugatua da; izan ere, beren zuzenbide substantiboaren berezitasunetatik eratorritako espezialitate prozesalen gaineko eskumena aitortu baitzien, aldi berean, autonomia-erkidegoei. Eskumen hori batez ere zuzenbide zibil propioa duten erkidegoetan erabiltzekoa zen, baina ez haietan bakarrik, ez eta soilik gai honi dagokionean ere. Konstituzio Auzitegiak, baina, hain modu murriztailean jokatu du konstituzio-arau hori interpretatu eta aplikatu behar izan duenean (47/2004 epaia da salbuespen bakarra), non autonomia-erkidegoen espezialitate prozesalen gaineko eskumena ezerezean geratu baita. Artikulu honen asmoa honako hau da: alde batetik, egoera honetara nola heldu garen aztertzea; bestetik, 21/2012 epaia analizatzea, zeinak Konstituzio Auzitegiaren ildo murriztailea berresten duen; eta, azkenik, gaurko egoeran beste hautabide batzuk eskaintzea, autonomia-erkidegoek espezialitate prozesalen gainean daukaten eskumena (haietako batzuk erabiltzen ari direna) desagertzeko zorian dago-eta Konstituzio Auzitegiaren jurisprudentzian. RESUMEN: La Constitución, en su art. 149.1.6, no quiso cerrar la puerta a la intervención de las CCAA en la regulación de la normativa procesal y otorgó al Estado una competencia exclusiva sobre legislación procesal cuya exclusividad es, en realidad, limitada, dada la simultánea atribución a las CCAA de la competencia para dictar las necesarias especialidades procesales derivadas de las particularidades de su derecho sustantivo. Ello debía ser especialmente útil en aquellas comunidades con Derecho civil propio, aunque no solo en estas ni únicamente respecto de este ámbito material. Ocurre sin embargo que el Tribunal Constitucional, en las ocasiones en que ha debido interpretar y aplicar el mencionado precepto constitucional, lo ha hecho de modo tan restrictivo que, con la única y aislada excepción de la STC 47/2004, la competencia autonómica relativa a las especialidades procesales ha quedado reducida a la nada. El propósito de este artículo es, por un lado, el de examinar cómo se ha llegado a este punto; por otro, estudiar el último de los casos relevantes, la STC 21/2012, que confirma la citada línea restrictiva seguida por el Tribunal; y finalmente apuntar algunas alternativas a la situación a la que se ha llegado, en que la competencia de las CCAA en materia de especialidades procesales (que por otra parte algunas están ejerciendo) se halla condenada a la práctica desaparición en la jurisprudencia constitucional. ABSTRACT: The Constitution in section 149.1.16 has not closed the door to the Autonomous Communities intervention in the regulation of the procedural provisions and conferred the State the exclusive power over the procedural legislation albeit its exclusivity is limited by the simultaneous allocation to the Au tonomous Communities of the power to enact the necessary procedural specifities that come from the special features of its substantive law. That should be extremely useful in those Communities with their own Civil law, even though not only in those and not solely regarding this material field. But what happens is that when the Constitutional Court had to interpret and apply the aforementioned constitutional provision, it has done it so narrowly that with the only and sole exception of the Constitutional judgment 47/2004 the power is almost reduced to nothing. The purpose of this article is on the one hand to examine how this is been reached; and on the other hand, to study the last relevant ruling, judgment 21/2012, which confirms the aforementioned narrow line of interpretation followed by the Court; and finally to point at some alternatives to the situation that has been created in which the power of the Autonomous Communities regarding the procedural specificities (and which they are exercising anyway) is doomed to the practical disappearance according to the constitutional caselaw.

scholarly journals I. On stratified discharges.—IV. Stratified and unstratified forms of the jar-discharge

1878 ◽  
Vol 26 (179-184) ◽  
pp. 90-93 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Proper Motion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regular Array ◽  
Negative Glow ◽  
Negative Part ◽  
Vacuum Tube ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dark Space ◽  
Positively Charged

It is well known that if a Leyden jar be discharged through a vacuum-tube, the discharge generally takes the form of an unbroken column of light, extending from the point of the positive terminal to the hilt of the negative, i. e. to the extreme negative end of the tube, and that it shows no trace of either negative glow or intervening dark space. On the other hand I have found, by experiments with a large Leyden battery, that if a tube have one terminal connected with the negatively charged coating of the battery and the other held beyond striking-distance from the positively charged coating, the discharge in the tube will show a separation of the positive from the negative part by a dark intervening space. Under suitable circumstances of exhaustion it will also show striae, in the same manner as when the discharge is effected directly with a Holtz machine, having the conductors either closed or open beyond striking-distance (see Roy. Soc. Proceedings, vol. xxiii. p. 460). Again, I have found, with the same battery, that if the tube be connected otherwise as before, and held at a distance less than at first, but a little greater than striking-distance, a stratified discharge much more brilliant and more like that produced by a coil will be exhibited. It should be remarked that the latter form of discharge appears to the unassisted eye, in the cases which I have examined, as an unbroken column of light, but with a negative glow and dark space. A revolving mirror, however, re­solves the column into a regular array of striae, having a rapid proper motion towards the positive terminal. The transition from the first to the second of these forms, and from the second to the jar-discharge proper when the tube was brought within striking-distance, was, if not absolutely abrupt, at all events so rapid that this form of experiment gave no prospect of following one form into the other. "With a view to examining the transition as closely as possible a Holtz machine was employed, and the jars having been taken off, a pair of mica plates partially covered with tinfoil was used in their stead. By sliding one plate over the other, so that more or less of the covered parts were brought face to face, a jar was formed the size of which could be varied at pleasure. An air-spark of adjustable length was also introduced into the circuit between the machine and the tube.

scholarly journals Polarisation of the light scattered by mercury vapour near the resonance periodicity

1922 ◽  
Vol 102 (715) ◽  
pp. 190-196 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scattered Light ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mercury Vapour ◽  
Narrow Line ◽  
Scattering Of Light

When light belonging to the visual spectrum is scattered by air, as, for example, in the blue sky, there is no approximation to resonance between any period of vibration contained in the source and a free period of the scattering molecules or atoms. In such cases, there is an approach to complete polarisation of the scattered light, though a closer examination shows that the polarisation is in general incomplete. In argon, however, and probably in the other monatomic gases, there is a very near approach to completeness. In contrast with these cases is the scattering of light by mercury vapour in resonance with the source, when the latter belongs to the ultra-violet mercury line λ 2536, as emitted by a cooled mercury arc. This case was investigated by R. W. Wood. He found that so long as the lamp ran under conditions favourable to producing an extremely narrow line without reversal, there was a copious emission of scattered light. I was anxious, 3 years ago, to trace the transition between this case and the ordinary scattering well away from the resonance periodicity. This was not fully achieved when my attention was turned to other matters, and shortly afterwards my laboratory at the Imperial College was dismantled. I have not since found an opportunity to resume, and it seems desirable to record the results, such as they are, without further delay.

scholarly journals The Knife as a Compass

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fischer Heinesen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Narrow Line ◽  
Knife Edge ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Edge Points ◽  
Knife Blade ◽  
Shadow It

When our Norwegian ancestors wished to navigate in the open sea they could find their bearings by the Sun or stars if the sky was not overcast. In foggy weather they used the sólaisteinn or sunstone, ‘a stone with which one could see where the sun was in the heavens’. A knife blade will do equally well as may be seen from Fig. 1. If you place the point of the knife on your thumb nail, as shown in the figure, on a sunny day you can easily see the shadow it casts; turning the blade a little one way or the other the shadow widens, but when the knife edge points towards the sun the shadow is reduced to a narrow line.

scholarly journals On the electrical resolution and broadening of helium lines

1918 ◽  
Vol 95 (665) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Qualitative Agreement ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Balmer Series ◽  
Subsequent Investigation ◽  
Weak Component ◽  
Dark Space ◽  
Narrow Space

The translatory motions of the radiating atoms in a luminous gas, which furnish a complete and satisfactory explanation of the widths of the spectrum lines which are emitted under certain specified conditions of excitation, are unable to account for the vastly greater broadening which occurs when the spectrum of a gas at a moderately high pressure is produced by the passage of a condensed spark discharge. The suggestion of Stark that the broadening which occurs under these conditions of excitation is intimately connected with the resolution of lines into components by the electric field, being in fact due to the electric field of neighbouring charged particles on the radiating atom, has been shown by the writer to be in qualitative agreement with the broadening which occurs under these conditions in the lines of the Balmer Series of hydrogen, and in a subsequent investigation with Prof. J. W. Nicholson, it was found that a quantitative analysis of the structure of the line H α was in complete harmony with Stark’s observations of the electrical resolution of this line, on the assumption that the broadening was due to this cause. It was also found that certain effects in helium and lithium were in qualitative agreement with the hypothesis. Without entering into a detailed discussion of the results obtained in the case of hydrogen, it may be stated that the most striking phenomenon observed was that the line H β presented an appearance resembling that of a reversal, having a dark narrow space in the centre of the broadened line, which was symmetrical, as in the case of the lines H α and H γ . The existence of this dark space is in harmony with the fact that when the line H β is resolved by an electric field, there is no component (or possibly a very weak component) occupying the position of the unresolved line in planes polarised either parallel or at right angles to the electric field. On the other hand, both H α and H γ showed maxima in the position of the unresolved lines, which is in agreement with the presence of strong undisplaced components in the electrical resolution of these lines. In the case of helium, as Stark has pointed out ( loc. cit. ), both the electrical resolution and the broadening are in certain cases unsymmetrical. The phenomena observed are thus concordant, but some recent results of Takamine and Yoshida have provided the material for a closer and more rigorous enquiry into the connection between the two effects.

GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager Color Product Development

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Hillger
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
New Products ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Image Features ◽  
The Other ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Design Build

Abstract The current Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series was inaugurated in 1994 with the launch of GOES-8 and will continue with two more satellites (GOES-O and -P) after the most recent GOES-13 launched in 2006. The next-generation GOES (beginning with GOES-R) will be launched in the 2015 time frame. This new series of satellites will include improved spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric resolution. The last two characteristics are manifest by an increased number of spectral bands and increased precision for measurements from those bands. To take advantage of the lead time needed to design, build, and test this new and complex satellite system, work is going into developing image products to be implemented as soon as GOES-R becomes operational. Preparations for GOES-R image products for applications to various weather events, especially mesoscale events, are well underway. The approach used for these “risk reduction” activities is to apply data from existing operational and experimental satellites (both polar orbiting and geostationary) to create image products that will emulate those to be available from GOES-R as closely as possible. Those image products can either be new products or improvements leveraged on existing operational products. In this article, the new GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager is briefly reviewed, and the evolutionary development of two qualitative products—one for the detection of fog and stratus, and the other for blowing dust—is presented. Emphasis is on the evolutionary development of these mesoscale products and possible quantitative discrimination among the various image features that are seen.

Daytime Global Cloud Typing from AVHRR and VIIRS: Algorithm Description, Validation, and Comparisons

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 804-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pavolonis ◽  
Andrew K. Heidinger ◽  
Taneil Uttal
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
Cloud Type ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Abstract Three multispectral algorithms for determining the cloud type of previously identified cloudy pixels during the daytime, using satellite imager data, are presented. Two algorithms were developed for use with 0.65-, 1.6-/3.75-, 10.8-, and 12.0-μm data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operational polar-orbiting satellites. The AVHRR algorithms are identical except for the near-infrared data that are used. One algorithm uses AVHRR channel 3a (1.6 μm) reflectances, and the other uses AVHRR channel 3b (3.75 μm) reflectance estimates. Both of these algorithms are necessary because the AVHRRs on NOAA-15 through NOAA-17 have the capability to transmit either channel 3a or 3b data during the day, whereas all of the other AVHRRs on NOAA-7 through NOAA-14 can only transmit channel 3b data. The two AVHRR cloud-typing schemes are used operationally in NOAA’s extended Clouds from AVHRR (CLAVR)-x processing system. The third algorithm utilizes additional spectral bands in the 1.38- and 8.5-μm regions of the spectrum that are available on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and will be available on the Visible–Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The VIIRS will eventually replace the AVHRR on board the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), which is currently scheduled to be launched in 2009. Five cloud-type categories are employed: warm liquid water, supercooled water–mixed phase, opaque ice, nonopaque high ice (cirrus), and cloud overlap (multiple cloud layers). Each algorithm was qualitatively evaluated through scene analysis and then validated against inferences of cloud type that were derived from ground-based observations of clouds at the three primary Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program sites to help to assess the potential continuity of a combined AVHRR channel 3a–AVHRR channel 3b–VIIRS cloud-type climatology. In this paper, “validation” is strictly defined as comparisons with ground-based estimates that are completely independent of the satellite retrievals. It was determined that the two AVHRR algorithms produce nearly identical results except for certain thin clouds and cloud edges. The AVHRR 3a algorithm tends to incorrectly classify the thin edges of some low- and midlevel clouds as cirrus and opaque ice more often than the AVHRR 3b algorithm. The additional techniques implemented in the VIIRS algorithm result in a significant improvement in the identification of cirrus clouds, cloud overlap, and overall phase identification of thin clouds, as compared with the capabilities of the AVHRR algorithms presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Aerial Multispectral Imagery for Plant Disease Detection; Radiometric Calibration Necessity Assessment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosseinh Pourazar ◽  
Farhad Samadzadegan ◽  
Farzaneh Dadrass Javan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Disease ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Disease Detection ◽  
Spectral Features ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, using multispectral cameras on UAVs has provided an opportunity to capture separate bands that offer the extraction of spectral features used for early detection of diseased plants. One of the main steps in disease detection is radiometric calibration that converts digital numbers to reflectance values commonly using white reference panels. This paper focused on the necessity of radiometric calibration to distinguish disease trees in orchards based on aerial multi-spectral images. For this purpose, two study sites with various climate conditions and tree species as well as different disease types were selected where multispectral images were taken using a multirotor UAV. The impact of radiometric correction on plant disease detection was assessed in two ways: 1) comparison of separability between the healthy and diseased classes using T-test and entropy distances; 2) radiometric calibration effect on the accuracy of classification. The experimental result showed the insignificant effect of radiometric calibration on separability criteria. Furthermore, based on T-test and entropy distances criteria, NIR and R spectral features made highest distances between healthy and Greening infected citrus trees, respectively, at the first study site while NDRE and BNDVI spectral features made highest distances between healthy and peach leaf curl infected trees, respectively, at the other study site. In the second strategy, the experimental result showed that radiometric calibration had no effect on the accuracy of classification. As a result, the overall accuracy and kappa values for both un-calibrated and calibrated orthomosaic classifications of the citrus orchard were 96.6% and 0.94%, respectively, using five spectral bands as well as DVI, NDRE, NDVI and GNDVI vegetation indices using a random forest classifier. The experimental results were also similar at the other study site. Therefore, the overall accuracy and kappa values for both the un-calibrated and calibrated orthomosaic classifications were 96.1%, 0.92, respectively, using five spectral bands as well as NDRE, BNDVI, GNDVI, DVI, and NDVI vegetation indices.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document