Precision and bias in quantitative EDS: ASTM results

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1654-1655
Author(s):  
John J. Friel
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Alloy ◽  
Dead Time ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Round Robin Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
American Society ◽  
Takeoff Angle ◽  
Standardless Analysis

Committee E-04 on Metallography of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) conducted an interlaboratory round robin test program on quantitative energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The test program was designed to produce data on which to base a precision and bias statement for quantitative analysis by EDS. Nine laboratories were sent specimens of two well characterized materials, a type 308 stainless steel, and a complex mechanical alloy from Inco Alloys International, Inconel® MA 6000. The stainless steel was chosen as an example of a straightforward analysis with no special problems. The mechanical alloy was selected because elements were present in a wide range of concentrations; K, L, and M lines were involved; and Ta was severely overlapped with W. The test aimed to establish limits of precision that could be routinely achieved by capable laboratories operating under real world conditions. The participants were first allowed to use their own best procedures, but later were instructed to repeat the analysis using specified conditions: 20 kV accelerating voltage, 200s live time, ∼25% dead time and ∼40° takeoff angle. They were also asked to run a standardless analysis.

ACI TYPE HN

Alloy Digest ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Steel Casting ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iron Chromium

Abstract Type HN is an iron-chromium-nickel alloy containing sufficient chromium for good high-temperature corrosion resistance and with nickel content in excess of the chromium. This alloy has properties somewhat similar to the more widely used ACI Type HT alloy but with better ductility. Type HN is used for highly stressed components in the 1800-2000 F temperature range. It is used in the aircraft, automotive, petroleum, petrochemical and power industries for a wide range of components and parts. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-410. Producer or source: Various stainless steel casting companies.

Phytochemical evaluation of leaf extracts of Naringi crenulata (roxb.) Nicolson

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 5110
Author(s):  
Sartaj Ahmad Allayie ◽  
Mushtaq Ahmed Parray* ◽  
Bilal Ahmad Bhat ◽  
S. Hemalatha
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rf Values

The use of traditional medicines holds a great promise as an easily available source as effective medicinal agents to cure a wide range of ailments among the people particularly in tropical developing countries like India. The present study investigates the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major bioactive constituents of N. crenulata leaf extracts. The extractive values of aqueous, acetone and chloroform extracts were found to be 11.34, 4.24 and 6.06 respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these three solvent extracts confirm the presence of Alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids and Phenolic compounds in all the three extracts; however, these phytochemicals were more significant in aqueous extract. Quantitative analysis was carried out using TLC method by different solvent system. Amongst various solvent systems, Butanol: acetic acid: water (9: 0.9: 0.1 v/v/v) shows maximum resolution and number of spots produced at long UV (365 nm) and under iodine vapours. The TLC chromatograms constituted different coloured phytochemical compounds with different Rf values. It can be conveniently used to evaluate the quality of different area samples. This indicates that the leaves can be useful for treating different diseases because the therapeutic activity of a plant is due to the presence of particular class of compounds and thus can serve as potential sources of useful drugs in future.

scholarly journals Fully digital PET is unaffected by any deterioration in TOF resolution and TOF image quality in the wide range of routine PET count rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Salvadori ◽  
Freddy Odille ◽  
Gilles Karcher ◽  
Pierre-Yves Marie ◽  
Laetitia Imbert
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Dead Time ◽  
Silicon Photomultipliers ◽  
Timing Resolution ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pile Up ◽  
Digital Pet ◽  
Trigger Circuit

Abstract Purpose Digital PET involving silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) provides an enhanced time-of-flight (TOF) resolution as compared with photomultiplier (PMT)-based PET, but also a better prevention of the count-related rises in dead time and pile-up effects mainly due to smaller trigger domains (i.e., the detection surfaces associated with each trigger circuit). This study aimed to determine whether this latter property could help prevent against deteriorations in TOF resolution and TOF image quality in the wide range of PET count rates documented in clinical routine. Methods Variations, according to count rates, in timing resolution and in TOF-related enhancement of the quality of phantom images were compared between the first fully digital PET (Vereos) and a PMT-based PET (Ingenuity). Single-count rate values were additionally extracted from the list-mode data of routine analog- and digital-PET exams at each 500-ms interval, in order to determine the ranges of routine PET count rates. Results Routine PET count rates were lower for the Vereos than for the Ingenuity. For Ingenuity, the upper limits were estimated at approximately 21.7 and 33.2 Mcps after injection of respectively 3 and 5 MBq.kg-1 of current 18F-labeled tracers. At 5.8 Mcps, corresponding to the lower limit of the routine count rates documented with the Ingenuity, timing resolutions provided by the scatter phantom were 326 and 621 ps for Vereos and Ingenuity, respectively. At higher count rates, timing resolution was remarkably stable for Vereos but exhibited a progressive deterioration for Ingenuity, respectively reaching 732 and 847 ps at the upper limits of 21.7 and 33.2 Mcps. The averaged TOF-related gain in signal/noise ratio was stable at approximately 2 for Vereos but decreased from 1.36 at 5.8 Mcps to 1.14 and 1.00 at respectively 21.7 and 33.2 Mcps for Ingenuity. Conclusion Contrary to the Ingenuity PMT-based PET, the Vereos fully digital PET is unaffected by any deterioration in TOF resolution and consequently, in the quality of TOF images, in the wide range of routine PET count rates. This advantage is even more striking with higher count-rates for which the preferential use of digital PET should be further recommended (i.e., dynamic PET recording, higher injected activities).

scholarly journals International Law and International Relations Theory: A New Generation of Interdisciplinary Scholarship

1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Slaughter ◽  
Andrew S. Tulumello ◽  
Stepan Wood
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
American Society ◽  
Interdisciplinary Scholarship ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Year 2000

Nine years ago, Kenneth Abbott published an article exhorting international lawyers to read and master regime theory, arguing that it had multiple uses for the study of international law. He went as far as to call for a “joint discipline” that would bridge the gap between international relations theory (IR) and international law (IL). Several years later, one of us followed suit with an article mapping the history of the two fields and setting forth an agenda for joint research. Since then, political scientists and international lawyers have been reading and drawing on one another’s work with increasing frequency and for a wide range of purposes. Explicitly interdisciplinary articles have won the Francis Deák Prize, awarded for the best work by a younger scholar in this Journal, for the past two years running; the publication of an interdisciplinary analysis of treaty law in the Harvard International Law Journal prompted a lively exchange on the need to pay attention to legal as well as political details; and the Hague Academy of International Law has scheduled a short course on international law and international relations for its millennial lectures in the year 2000. Further, the American Society of International Law and the Academic Council on the United Nations System sponsor joint summer workshops explicidy designed to bring young IR and IL scholars together to explore the overlap between their disciplines.

Effect of the Dispersion of Nanosized Carbides (NbC - TaC) in the Sintered Microstructure of the Stainless Steel 316L

2008 ◽  
Vol 591-593 ◽  
pp. 294-298
Author(s):  
Uilame Umbelino Gomes ◽  
L.A. Oliveira ◽  
S.R.S. Soares ◽  
M. Furukava ◽  
C.P. Souza
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
Nanosized Particles ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sintered Stainless Steel ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Hardness Values

Sintered stainless steel has a wide range of applications mainly in the automotive industry. Properties such as wear resistance, density and hardness can be improved by addition of nanosized particles of refractory carbides. The present study compares the behavior of the sintering and hardness of stainless steel samples reinforced with NbC or TaC (particles size less than 20 nm) synthesized at UFRN. The main aim of this work was to identify the effect of the particle size and dispersion of different refractory carbides in the hardness and sintered microstructure. The samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The heating rate, sintering temperature and times were 20°C/min, 1290°C and 30, 60 min respectively. We have been able to produce compacts with a relative density among 95.0%. The hardness values obtained were 140 HV for the reinforced sample and 76 HV for the sample without reinforcement.

A Rating Formula for Fine Pitch Boundary Lubricated Gears

1971 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-286
Author(s):  
T. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Surface Loading ◽  
Transmit Power ◽  
Fine Pitch ◽  
Instrument Engineer

For the Instrument Engineer involved in the design of mechanisms that transmit power under boundary lubricated conditions, little information is available on which to base fine pitch gear load capacity and life. This paper discusses a gear test program and the development of a rating formula for the surface loading of these gears, and in particular those made from stainless steel and aluminum and stocked by precision gear manufacturers.

Evolution of microstructure of 304 stainless steel joined by brazing process

2010 ◽  
Vol 1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. García-Vázquez ◽  
I. Guzmán-Flores ◽  
A. Garza ◽  
J. Acevedo
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Brazed Joints ◽  
Brazed Joint ◽  
Evolution Of Microstructure

AbstractBrazing is a unique method to permanently join a wide range of materials without oxidation. It has wide commercial application in fabricating components. This paper discusses results regarding the brazing process of 304 stainless steel. The experimental brazing is carried out using a nickel-based (Ni-11Cr-3.5Si-2.25B-3.5Fe) filler alloy. In this process, boron and silicon are incorporated to reduce the melting point, however they form hard and brittle intermetallic compounds with nickel (eutectic phases) which are detrimental to the mechanical properties of brazed joints. This investigation deals with the effects of holding time and brazing temperature on the microstructure of joint and base metal, intermetallic phases formation within the brazed joint as well as measurement of the tensile strength. The results show that a maximum tensile strength of 464 MPa is obtained at 1120°C and 4 h holding time. The shortest holding times will make boron diffuse insufficiently and generate a great deal of brittle boride components.

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