The economics of collecting chaff

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Olfert ◽  
Mark Stumborg ◽  
Wayne Craig ◽  
R. A. Schoney
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Oilseed Production ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Ruminant Feed

AbstractChaff, a by-product of cereal and oilseed production that is largely treated as waste product, may have significant economic value as a ruminant feed, and its collection and removal may reduce herbicide usage and tillage. We surveyed fifty farms located throughout the Brown, Dark Brown, and Black/Grey Wooded soil zones of Saskatchewan to determine the costs and benefits of their chaff collection systems. Benefits measured or estimated included both the feed value of chaff and agronomic benefits in the form of reduced tillage and herbicide requirements. Costs measured were for equipment and machinery ownership, maintenance and operation, including labor. The survey responses showed that, regardless of the type of collection system utilized, feed-related benefits outweighed the costs under the stated assumptions about prices and methods of assigning costs. Agronomic benefits alone also were sufficient to offset chaff collection costs. The net benefits of chaff collection are related to both the quantity of chaff collected and the distance the material is transported.

On Measuring the Social Opportunity Cost of Labour in the Presence of Tariffs and an Informal Sector (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4I) ◽  
pp. 535-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Open Letter ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Action Project ◽  
Relevant Group ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
The Individual

Harberger introduced his influential 1971 essay with the following words. This paper is intended not as a scientific study, nor as a review of the literature, but rather as a tract - an open letter to the profession, as it were - pleading that three basic postulates be accepted as providing a conventional framework for applied welfare economics. The postulates are: (a) The competitive demand price for a given unit measures the value of that unit to the demander; (b) The competitive supply price for a given unit measures the value of that unit to the supplier; and (c) When evaluating the net benefits or costs of a given action (project, programme, or policy), the costs and benefits accruing to each member of the relevant group (e.g., a nation) should normally be added without regard to the individual(s) to whom they accrue.

A Note on Confidence Intervals in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Tambour ◽  
Niklas Zethraeus ◽  
Magnus Johannesson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Ratio Estimation ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Ratio Of Random Variables ◽  
Net Benefits

AbstractHow to obtain confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios is complicated by the statistical problems of obtaining a confidence interval for a ratio of random variables. Different approaches have been suggested in the literature, but no consensus has been reached. We propose an alternative simple solution to this problem. By multiplying the effectiveness units by the price per effectiveness unit, both costs and benefits can be expressed in monetary terms and standard statistical techniques can be used to estimate a confidence interval for net benefits. This approach avoids the ratio estimation problem and explicitly recognizes that the price per effectiveness unit has to be known to provide cost-effectiveness analysis with a useful decision rule.

scholarly journals Strength and Microstructure of Concrete with Iron Ore Tailings as Replacement for River Sand

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Umara Shettima ◽  
Yusof Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Warid Hussin ◽  
Nasiru Zakari Muhammad ◽  
Ogunbode Eziekel Babatude
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Iron Ore Tailings ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
And Performance

River Sand is one of the basic ingredients used in the production of concrete. Consequently, continuous consumption of sand in construction industry contributes significantly to depletion of natural resources. To achieve more sustainable construction materials, this paper reports the use of iron ore tailings (IOT) as replacement for river sand in concrete production. IOT is a waste product generated from the production of iron ore and disposed to land fill without any economic value. Concrete mixtures containing different amount of IOT were designed for grade C30 with water to cement ratio of 0.60. The percentage ratios of the river sand replacements by IOT were 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Concrete microstructure test namely, XRD and Field Emission Scanned Electron Microscopic/Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (FESEM/EDX) were conducted for control and IOT concretes in order to determine the interaction and performance of the concrete containing IOT. Test results indicated that the slump values of 130 mm and 80 to 110 mm were recorded for the control and IOT concretes respectively. The concrete sample of 50% IOT recorded the highest compressive strength of 37.7 MPa at 28 days, and the highest flexural strength of 5.5 MPa compared to 4.7 MPa for reference concrete. The texture of the IOT is rough and angular which was able to improve the strength of the concrete.

scholarly journals Pig Farmers' Perceptions of Economic Incentives to Control Salmonella Prevalence at Herd Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Vesterlund Olsen ◽  
Tove Christensen ◽  
Jørgen Dejgaard Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Farmer Behavior ◽  
Perceived Effects ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Perceived Costs

This paper investigates how perceived costs and benefits of Salmonella control among Danish pig farmers affect the farmers' choice of action toward reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in their herds. Based on data from an online questionnaire involving 163 Danish pig farmers, we find a considerable uncertainty among pig farmers about the perceived effects of the Salmonella reducing actions. The results indicate large variations in the perceived costs of implementing different types of Salmonella reducing actions (management-, hygiene- and feed-related). For some cases, farmers associate net benefits and positive productivity effects with implementation of the actions while studies by the industry indicate net costs to the farmers. Differences among farmers support the idea of an outcome-based Salmonella penalty scheme but the large uncertainties about costs and effects of actions toward Salmonella control might hamper the effectiveness of such a penalty scheme as a regulatory instrument to affect farmer behavior.

scholarly journals NETWORKED ECONOMIC VALUE CREATION IN EVENT TOURISM, AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF TOWNS AND SMALLER CITIES IN THE UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Norman ◽  
Nana Nyarko
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Business Model Canvas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Event Tourism ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Survey Responses

This study explores the role of networks in generating economic value for event tourism in towns and smaller cities in the UK. While networks have been shown to create a wide range of value, research in this context is limited and little is understood of if or how economic value is generated. The lens used in this study was the value creating side of the business model canvas with local government organisations as the focal node examining the flow of economic value from partners, activities and resources. There were survey responses from 112 different town and city organisations across the UK. The study found that only the ‘activities’ element of the network contributed significantly to creating economic value in an event tourism context. The network components of ‘partners’ and ‘resources’ were not on their own significant to the creation of economic value. The outcomes of this paper suggest that practitioners in towns and cities should strategise their engagement with local networks through a formal event tourism strategy that clearly defines how they operationalise engagement activities within that network in order the facilitate economic value creation. In addition, the paper raises questions around what resources are needed at the focal node (local government organisations) in order to maximise the economic value created by the network.

scholarly journals How Transparency Affects Survey Responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (S1) ◽  
pp. 185-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C Connors ◽  
Yanna Krupnikov ◽  
John Barry Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Public Posting ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Federal Guidelines

Abstract Following a shift toward greater transparency, many academic journals across a variety of disciplines now require authors to post their data. At the same time, many university Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) have followed recent US federal guidelines and now require researchers to be more transparent with survey participants regarding what will happen to the collected data. In this paper, we take the first steps toward considering the interaction between these two survey research developments. Using a nationally representative panel, we show that informing survey participants that their de-identified data will be publicly shared by a researcher can affect how these participants answer certain questions. In some cases, public posting notifications can increase data quality (e.g., knowledge measures), but in other cases informing participants of the data’s future use can exacerbate social desirability issues (e.g., turnout). Our results suggest conditional costs and benefits to the intersection between two critical ethical norms underlying survey research: data-sharing and informed consent.

scholarly journals Discussion: The Distribution of the Costs and Benefits of Public Schooling

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
H. Evan Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Public Schooling ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Equity Issues ◽  
Basic Conclusion ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Tax Costs

David Holland has provided a basic contribution to the expanding literature concerned with the distributional effects of expenditures on education. He has ventured into the relatively untouched realm of measuring the distrubutional impact of tax costs and expenditure benefits of public elementary, secondary and higher education. Our fundamental ignorance of the equity issues involved in public education, coupled with the economic and social importance of its eventual product, provide ample justification for continued research in this field.Even though a valuable literature review occupies a significant proportion of Holland's paper, I will limit my comments to that portion of the paper that is original. Reviewing briefly, Holland's goal is to determine the distribution by income class of net benefits resulting from education. To do this, he compares the average per family tax costs for the provision of education with the average per family expenditures made. The difference between the two is the net subsidy received. Holland's basic conclusion is that the net subsidies from lower (as opposed to higher) education are regressive.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION COMPOSTING PLAN AT BPPT JAKARTA OFFICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Tjahjono., dkk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
City Government ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Important Message ◽  
The City ◽  
Office Waste ◽  
Home Composting

Waste, both organic and non organic waste generated much cause problems, such as environmental pollution. In large cities waste product per capita ranges between 600- 830 grams per day (Mungkasa, 2004). On the other hand, the city government more difficult to get a processing Waste (landfill). With the launch of Act No. 18 of 2008 on Waste Management in which one important message of the Act is any source of waste should reduce the amount of waste to be disposed to landfill. The results showed that BPPT office waste generation amounted to 0.0108 kg / peg / day or 0002 kg/org/m2/hr paper component composition 59.94% (almost 60%), office space (80.84%), canteen (10.49%), parks (8.67%) and approximately 28.47% of organic material, (Shochib. R,2010). BPPT, as one source of waste from the commercial sector, has reduced the amount of waste that must be disposed of to landfill by utilizing inorganic garbage that still has economic value, while for organic waste, BPPT trying to reduce the amount of waste by processing organic waste into compost, for it will built home composting, which is one place that used to process organic waste into compost. Home composting is designed for a capacity of 1 m3 per week with the long process of 6 weekskeywords: office waste, composting, home composting

scholarly journals The Effect of Feeding Hens a Peanut Skin-Containing Diet on Hen Performance, and Shell Egg Quality and Lipid Chemistry

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 894
Author(s):  
Ondulla Toomer ◽  
Thien Vu ◽  
Rebecca Wysocky ◽  
Vera Moraes ◽  
Ramon Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Peanut Skin ◽  
Peanut Skins

Peanut skins are a considerable waste product with little current economic value or use. We aimed to determine the dietary effects of peanut skins on layer production performance and egg quality and chemistry of the eggs produced. Two hundred commercial hens were randomly assigned to four treatments (five replicates) and fed ad libitum for 8 weeks: conventional control diet, diet containing 24% high-oleic peanut (HOPN), diet containing 3% peanut skin (PN Skin), and a diet with 2.5% oleic acid (OA). Hens fed the HOPN diet had significantly reduced body weights relative to the control and PN Skin treatments, producing fewer total eggs over the 8-week experimental period. Eggs weights were similar between the control and PN Skin treatments at weeks 2 and 4, while eggs from the PN Skin treatment group were heavier than other treatments at weeks 6 and 8 of the experiment. Eggs produced from the HOPN treatment had reduced saturated fatty acid (FA) content in comparison to the other treatment groups, while similar between PN Skin and control eggs at week 8 of the experiment. This study suggests that PN skins may be a suitable alternative layer feed ingredient.

scholarly journals Optimal fertilization dose in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) using partial budgets analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Salinas-Cruz ◽  
O. Ruíz-Álvarez ◽  
J. Martínez-Sánchez ◽  
R. Reynoso-Santos ◽  
Pedro Cadena- Íñiguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Castor Bean ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Ricinus Communis L ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
A Site

Objective: To determine the economically adequate fertilization dose for a castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) crop that improves the producer's benefits using the partial budgeting technique. Design / methodology / approach: The experiment was established at a site located 500 m from the Centro de Chiapas experimental field, with an altitude of 800 m. Two production factors were studied: nitrogen (40, 60, and 80) and phosphorus (20, 40, and 60) with three levels each. The treatments had nine combinations in a randomized complete block experimental design and four replications. Phenological and morphological variables, seed yield, and variable costs economic components were evaluated as a response. Results: With the average yields the obtained net benefits were determined; an adjustment of the benefits was made, and its dominance was determined. Four experiments were dominated, and five showed favorable profits for the producer. The 80-60-00 formulation had a return rate (RR) of 23 %. Conclusions: The 40-20-00, 40-40-00, 40-60-00, 80-40-00 and 80-60-00 formulations were dominant. The 80-60-00 formulation reported the highest RR, an increase in variable cost of US$9.64, like other doses of lower costs and benefits. For this dose, the net benefits increase was us$ 222.61.

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