Multifamily farms and America's farm structure: A new perspective on an old issue

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay M. Lillywhite ◽  
Michael Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
Outreach Programs ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractThis study examined the extent and nature of multifamily farms in Iowa. Based on a random sample phone survey conducted in 1997, it was found that over one-fourth (26%) of Iowa's farms would be classified as multifamily farms. Multifamily farms showed significant differences from their single-family farm counterparts in several areas. They tended to have younger operators and larger operations, and the operators were more likely to consider farming as their principal occupation. In addition, they had more diverse operations and generated larger farm and family incomes. The farms were further classified based on their annual sales. As expected, non-commercial farms (sales less than $50,000) had the lowest percentage of multifamily farms (21%). Smallcommercial farms with sales from $50,000 to $250,000 were 30% multifamily, while large-commercial farms were 35% multifamily. The study also addressed whether or not policy restrictions based on age and income would discriminate against farms due to the multifamily farm phenomenon. A logit regression analysis was performed to determine if a multifamily structure was significant in predicting whether or not a farm was small. The results showed that multifamily relations were not a significant predictor. A growing phenomenon in U.S. agriculture, namely the multifamily farm, was examined. A significant percentage of Iowa farms was found to be multifamily. There were many differences between multifamily and single-family farms, but these differences did not display any predictive power. More research is needed in order to understand multifamily farms, a structure that will likely continue to grow and influence U.S. agriculture and outreach programs.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Models of Farms in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4772
Author(s):  
Hanna Klikocka ◽  
Aneta Zakrzewska ◽  
Piotr Chojnacki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Standard Output ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

The article describes and sets the definition of different farm models under the categories of being family, small, and large-scale commercial farms. The distinction was based on the structure of the workforce and the relationship between agricultural income and the minimum wage. Family farms were dominated by the farming family providing the labour and their income per capita exceeded the net minimum wage in the country. The larger commercial farms feature a predominance of hired labour. Based on surveys, it was found that in 2016 in the EU-28 there were 10,467,000 farms (EU-13—57.3%, EU-15—42.7%). They carried out agricultural activities on an area of 173,338,000 ha (EU-13—28.5%, EU-15—71.5%). Countries of the EU-28 generated a standard output (SO) amounting to EUR 364,118,827,100 (EU-13—17.2% and EU-15—82.8%). After the delimitation, it was shown that small farming (70.8%) was the predominant form of management in the European Union (EU-13—88.2% and EU-15—79.8%) compared to family farming (18.4%) (EU-13—10.5% and EU-15—29%). In most EU countries the largest share of land resources pertains to small farms (35.6%) and family farms (38.6%) (UAA—utilised agricultural area of farms).

scholarly journals Drivers of Individual Credit Risk of Retail Customers—A Case Study on the Example of the Polish Cooperative Banking Sector

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Rafał Balina ◽  
Marta Idasz-Balina
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Local Character ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cooperative Banks

The main aim of the research was to determine the key factors determining the level of credit risk of individual clients (clients in the form of natural persons, excluding companies) on the example of Polish cooperative banks according to the following features: transaction characteristics, socio-demographic characteristics of the customer, the customer’s financial situation, the customer’s history of cooperation with the cooperative bank where they applied for a loan, and the customer’s history of cooperation with other financial institutions. For the research gathered data from 1000 credit applications submitted by individual customers when applying for a credit in five different cooperative banks were used for the analyses. To assess the credit risk of retail clients we use logit regression models, and additionally, score cards were calculated. The results of the research indicate that among the factors with high predictive power there were the features characterizing the client’s history of cooperation with the cooperative bank, where they applied for a loan. It may mean that when assessing credit risk related to financing individual customers, cooperative banks due to their local character, have an advantage over other financial institutions.

scholarly journals Family farm inheritance in Slavonia region, Croatia

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 522-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Đ. ŽUTINIĆ ◽  
I. GRGIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
The State ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Traditional Pattern ◽  
And Control

The aim of the study was to determine the chances of the Slavonian family farms for social reproduction in the next generation and to determine attitudes of farmers towards some aspects of family farm inheritance and the possible ways of preventing the division of land. The research was carried out on a sample of 202 family farms. The analysis showed that the chances to remain as integral production units in the next generation are realistic for only 48% of family farms. The traditional pattern of behavior is obvious with regard to inheritance and to postponing the transfer of management and control of the farm resources. The majority of the Slavonian farmers find that it would be proper if the state were to introduce special measures to regulate the integrity of the land and to offer subsidies and easements for the "entry" of the young into the agriculture.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF FAMILY FARMS IN EUROPE – A LITERATURE REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (4) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Capital Costs

As family farms are the dominant form of agricultural activity in Europe, their economic viability is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. The aim of this research is to review the latest publications on the economic viability of family farms in Europe. Based on a systematic literature review of studies related to European agriculture published in 2010-2020, this paper presents various concepts of family farm economic viability and assesses the methodologies used. The paper also presents the results of selected empirical research from the last 10 years on family farm economic viability in Europe, broken down into international and national comparisons. Results suggest that the most common approach to measuring economic viability is to use the opportunity cost concept of own factors of production. An important observation is also that, although most studies are based on the FADN database, the results of the analyses are sensitive to the selection of the threshold wage and own capital costs. What contemporary literature lacks is a long-term comparative analysis for all EU countries, as well as studies of drivers of family farm economic viability.

scholarly journals Kierunki racjonalizacji struktury rolnictwa polskiego w świetle rozwiązań stosowanych w Europie Zachodniej

2018 ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Jerzy BABIAK
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Spontaneous Transformation ◽  
Community Law ◽  
The Family ◽  
Principal Task ◽  
Agrarian Structure

Agriculture is a peculiar sector of the economy that requires support from the state. Its spontaneous transformation is not effective enough, therefore a number of mechanisms are applied to stimulate advantageous structural transformation both at EU and national levels. The agricultural system of West European states is based on the family farm. Although Community law does not define a family farm, different systems provide various measures applied in order to protect family farms, e.g. by means of controlling agricultural land trade. The paper presents the legal and institutional solutions applied in this respect in France, Germany and Denmark. These states have not been randomly selected, as they are the main competitors for Polish agriculture in the Community market, and they have succeeded in establishing an agrarian structure. Against the background of their experience, Polish legal solutions are presented and assessed. The responsibilities of the Agricultural Property Agency are presented in detail; its principal task apart from the management of State Treasury property is to shape agrarian structure.

scholarly journals New rural economy: Challenges and diversity in Eastern Croatia

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
Tihana Sudarić ◽  
Krunoslav Zmaić ◽  
Ružica Lončarić
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Family ◽  
Traditional Activity

Eastern part of Croatia is agricultural region according to natural resource (fertile soil, first of all), as well as human potential (long experience in traditional agriculture). Besides agriculture as traditional activity, a characteristic of rurality is also added to this region. Rural area is dominant in Eastern Croatia and it effects on relatively small urban areas. This paper represents new possibilities of rural economic activities on family farms in Eastern Croatia. Role and significant of rural economic activities is analyzed through indicators overview (land structure, GDP, population, population density, TEA index, unemployment ect.). Challenges through diversification of rural economic activities in this paper includes added economic activities realized on family farms through tourism, crafts, handy work, processing, renewable energyetc. Added economic activities on family farms in Eastern Croatia participate with only 3.9%. Suggestions and possibilities measures of rural economic activities diversification are reflected through two main streams. First stream is diversification of activities through added value of agricultural products as vertical connection (organic food, autochthony products, functional food, renewable energy sources etc.). Other one economic activity diversification indicates distribution function of final products through different services on the family farm (direct sale, specialized shops, rural tourism and many other services).

Potential Competitive Exclusion Bacteria from Poultry Inhibitory to Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUODONG ZHANG ◽  
LI MA ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Soft Agar ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria

The objective of this study was to isolate from chickens potential competitive exclusion bacteria (CE) that are inhibitory to Campylobacter jejuni or Salmonella, or to both, for subsequent development of a defined CE product for use in poultry. Adult chickens from family farms, commercial farms, and broiler chicken research centers were sampled to identify and select C. jejuni–free donor chickens. A challenge treatment, which included administering perorally 106 CFU C. jejuni per chicken and determining undetectable cecal shedding of campylobacters at 4 weeks, was important for identifying the best CE donor chickens. Screening of bacterial colonies obtained from nine donor chickens by using selective and nonselective media yielded 636 isolates inhibitory to six C. jejuni strains in vitro, with 194 isolates being strongly inhibitory. Of the 194 isolates, 145 were from ceca, and 117 were facultative anaerobic bacteria. One hundred forty-three isolates were inhibitory to six strains of Salmonella (including five different serotypes) in vitro. Of these, 41 were strongly inhibitory to all C. jejuni and Salmonella strains evaluated, and most were Lactobacillus salivarius. A direct overlay method, which involved directly applying soft agar on plates with discrete colonies from mucus scrapings of gastrointestinal tracts, was more effective in isolating CE than was the frequently practiced isolation method of picking and transferring discrete colonies and then overlaying them with soft agar. The best approach for obtaining bacteria highly inhibitory to Salmonella and C. jejuni from chickens was to isolate bacteria from ceca under anaerobic conditions. Free-range chickens from family farms were better donors of potential CE strongly inhibitory to both Salmonella and Campylobacter than were chickens from commercial farms and broiler chicken research centers.

The land is what matters: factors driving family farms to organic production in Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 1354-1367
Author(s):  
Pawel Chmielinski ◽  
Aleksandra Pawlowska ◽  
Monika Bocian ◽  
Dariusz Osuch
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Direct Payments

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse tendency of farms to switch from conventional to organic production.Design/methodology/approachThe study used data on 6,229 individual farms, which in 2009–2016 continued to participate in the Polish FADN. Estimation of logit models allowed the authors to indicate, separately for each period in the years between 2009 and 2015, a set of characteristics influencing the decision of farms on the use of organic production.FindingsThe authors demonstrate that, first of all, land factors were of major importance when deciding on conversion to organic farming, with only the own land inputs (owned by the farm) having a positive impact on the transition of farms to organic production. But then the resource of the capital factor, identified with the assets owned by the farm, exercised a significant negative impact. Income derived from the family farm, although had a positive impact, did not significantly determine the farm’s decision on conversion to organic production. While support for agri-environmental purposes had a positive impact on the decision of farm to convert, the payments received under the direct payments affected this decision negatively. The tendency to start organic production is also conditioned regionally.Research limitations/implicationsThe data of this study are limited in size, and limited to the Polish context.Originality/valueThe research setting for this paper is original; the study takes part in the discussion about factors of conversion to organic farming, on example of Poland and is a voice in the discussion on effective support for the development of organic farming in the context of sustainable development.

Socioemotional wealth in the family farm

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B Dressler ◽  
Loren Tauer
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Socioemotional Wealth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Family

Purpose – A family member may work for the family business even though the direct financial benefits he or she may receive in the form of a salary may be lower than what could be earned working for a non-family business. The lower amount may be accepted because of benefits of association with the family business. This psychic non-pecuniary return has been called socioemotional wealth in the family business research literature. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to estimate socioemotional wealth and apply that technique to a group of family dairy farms to estimate socioemotional wealth for those family farms. Design/methodology/approach – A panel regression method was used to empirically allocate net farm income to the unpaid factors of equity, labor, and management provided by a family member in a family farm partnership. The estimated returns of labor plus management are compared to the market salary earned by farm managers who manage farms. The difference between the higher hired farm manager salary and what the family manager earns in the family farm from labor and management is an estimate of the non-pecuniary return the family member receives from managing the family farm as compared to managing the non-family farm. Findings – Differences in managers’ salary working for the non-family farm and the implied family manager financial compensation estimates indicate that family business managers’ non-pecuniary return from managing the family farm had an implied economic value averaging $22,026 per year over 1999-2008. Assuming that the manager would be indifferent between working for the family farm or the non-family farm if the sum of pecuniary and non-pecuniary returns were the same, the non-pecuniary annual benefits of $22,026 accrues in the form of socioemotional wealth associated as a member in the family business. Originality/value – Although the literature discusses how family members may accept a lower salary working for the family business than they could earn doing comparable work in a non-family business because of non-financial rewards they experience working for the family business, there have been no estimates of the value of this pecuniary benefit. The authors arrive at an estimate using a group of family dairy farm businesses that have multiple family managers.

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