scholarly journals Sustained reduction in the carriage of Neisseria meningitidis as a result of a community meningococcal disease control programme

1998 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. NEAL ◽  
D. J. IRWIN ◽  
S. DAVIES ◽  
E. B. KACZMARSKI ◽  
M. C. J. WALE
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Intervention Programme ◽  
Intervention Area ◽  
Sustained Reduction

The effect of a community intervention programme of antibiotics and meningitis vaccine on pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis was investigated. Carriage rates were determined in pupils at both secondary schools (ages 11–18 years) included in the community intervention programme and compared with two schools outside the area matched for socio-economic status. A total of 1869 pupils were studied 6 months after the programmes, and 2457 pupils after 11 months.Six months after the programme was completed there was a 72% reduction in pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in pupils attending the schools in the intervention area compared with pupils in the control schools. After 11 months this difference persisted in the 11–14 age group but not in the 15–18 age group. No resistance to the antibiotics used in the programme was found.A community intervention programme of antibiotics and vaccine for the control of meningococcal disease led to a long-term reduction in Neisseria meningitidis carriage in some age groups.

scholarly journals Increase in meningococcal disease associated with the emergence of a novel ST-11 variant of serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis in Victoria, Australia, 1999–2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. TRIBE ◽  
A. M. ZAIA ◽  
J. M. GRIFFITH ◽  
P. M. ROBINSON ◽  
H. Y. LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Housekeeping Gene ◽  
Restriction Pattern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Czech Republic

In the years 1999–2000, there was an increase in the incidence of meningococcal disease in Victoria, largely caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C. This change was associated with a shift in age distribution of cases, with relatively more disease appearing in the 15–29 year age group, and with 40/58 serogroup C isolates in 2000 exhibiting a new macrorestriction pattern (pattern A). Thirty-four of 52 pattern A isolates tested displayed the novel phenotype C:2a:P1.4, and were consistently porA VR type P1.7-2,4 by DNA sequencing. Nine of 10 representative pattern A isolates analysed displayed a housekeeping gene allele profile (ST-11) that is characteristic of the electrophoretic type (ET)-15 variant that has caused outbreaks in Canada, the Czech Republic and Greece. Meningococci belonging to the ST-11 complex that were isolated in Victoria prior to 1999 did not display either restriction pattern A or PorA VR type P1.7-2,4.

Evaluation of intra-uterine contraception in selected mission hospitals in India

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sadashivaiah ◽  
M. S. Subba Rao
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Living Children ◽  
Two Age Groups

SummaryIntra-uterine contraception is a useful method of fertility control, because of its applicability at all levels of socio-economic development and it has been the mainstay of the fertility control programme in many countries.The present evaluation is based on the hospital follow-up records of 4067 IUD cases from randomly selected mission hospitals for the years 1967 and 1968. Of the insertions, 97·7% were non-post-partum, and 60% of the acceptors were from the age group 25–34 years with a median age of 29·8 years; nearly 70% had fewer than four living children. The pattern of distribution by religion is similar to that of the 1961 census figures.The average number of women months (6·7) of IUD use is very low in a follow-up study of 24 months but is more or less consistent, both by age and parity.The incidence of expulsion, removal and pregnancy was 8·2, 12·9 and 0·6 respectively for all ages and although these rates were higher with the 27½-mm loop than the 30-mm loop the differences are not statistically significant.The rates of expulsion, removals and complaints were greatest during the first 6 months of use and decreased gradually with increase in duration of use.Bleeding, or other symptoms associated with bleeding, were the main reasons for the removals.Incidence of re-insertion was higher among those aged <25 years than among those aged ≥25 years and the difference in the proportion of re-insertions between the two age groups is statistically significant.The size of the loop seems to have no bearing on the incidence of re-insertions.Total termination rates at the end of 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were 9·9, 15·2, 25·0 and 55·9 per 100 first insertions respectively.

Secular trends in invasive meningococcal disease, Massachusetts, 1988–2011: what happened to invasive disease?

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
pp. 2483-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. PERUSKI ◽  
P. KLUDT ◽  
R. S. PATEL ◽  
A. DeMARIA
Keyword(s):  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Invasive Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Meningococcal Vaccine ◽  
Average Annual Incidence ◽  
Potential Factors

SUMMARYInvasive meningococcal disease (IMD) reported to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health from 1988 to 2011 was reviewed. The average annual incidence of IMD/100 000 decreased from 1·57 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·42–1·73] for 1988–1991 to 0·22 (95% CI 0·17–0·29) for 2008–2011. The pattern of decreasing incidence over time differed by age group. There was a decrease in IMD/100 000 in the 0–4 years age group after 1991 from 10·92 (95% CI 8·08–14·70) in 1991 to 5·76 (95% CI 3·78–8·72) in 1992. Incidence in the 0–4 years age group remained below 5/100 000 per year on average thereafter. A substantial reduction in incidence in all age groups was observed between 2000 and 2009, which began before the introduction of conjugate meningococcal vaccine in 2005. Marked reductions in incidence of IMD in Massachusetts, and elsewhere, deserve further investigation with respect to potential factors that go beyond the introduction and deployment of improved meningococcal vaccines.

scholarly journals An outbreak of serogroup B:15:P1.16 meningococcal disease, Frederiksborg county, Denmark, 1987–9

1992 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Samuelsson ◽  
P. Ege ◽  
L. Berthelsen ◽  
I. Lind
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Group B ◽  
Overall Mortality

SUMMARYEpidemiological features of an outbreak of group B:15:P1.16 meningococcal disease (MD) in Frederiksborg country, Denmark, 1987–9, were investigated. The study comprised 149 cases notified during the outbreak and the two preceding years; 115 were confirmed by the isolation of Neisseria meningitidis. In 1989 the incidence had increased to 14·1 per 100 000 population. Among group B strains, B:15:P1.16 accounted for 80% (77/97). The overall mortality rate was 10% (15/149). Regarding cases due to group B:15:P1.16 strains a significant time-space clustering, which exclusively occurred within the 10–19 years age group, was demonstrated. The link between cases within clusters was indirect or unknown, except for ten patients with contact to one particular school. The prophylactic measures used included administration of rifampicin to household contacts. During the outbreak the proportion of secondary cases was high (6–15%). All secondary cases occurred outside the household indicating that the household had been protected.

scholarly journals The VR2 Epitope on the PorA P1.7-2,4 Protein Is the Major Target for the Immune Response Elicited by the Strain-Specific Group B Meningococcal Vaccine MeNZB

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Martin ◽  
N. Ruijne ◽  
L. McCallum ◽  
J. O'Hallahan ◽  
P. Oster
Keyword(s):  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Young Infant ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Public Health Decision ◽  
Antibody Recognition ◽  
Target Strain ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACT A protracted epidemic of group B meningococcal disease in New Zealand led to the testing of a strain-specific tailor-made vaccine, MeNZB. Immunogenicity levels achieved during age group trials enabled New Zealand's regulatory authority to grant licensure to deliver MeNZB to all individuals under age 20. During the trials target strains for serum bactericidal antibody measurements included the vaccine target strain NZ98/254 and two comparator epidemic-type strains (NZ94/167 and NZ02/09). In this study, 12 other strains differing variously from the vaccine strain by their capsular group, PorB type, and PorA variable region specificities, or PorA expression, were used as target strains. The PorA specificity of the serum bactericidal antibody responses to the vaccine was determined for 40 vaccinees. Sets of 10 pre- and postvaccination sera were chosen randomly from the young infant, older infant, toddler, and school-age group trials. Antibody recognition of linearized PorA proteins was also determined using immunoblotting. Across all age groups vaccine-induced serum bactericidal antibodies specifically targeted the VR2 P1.4 epitope of the PorA P1.7-2,4 protein irrespective of the PorB type and/or capsular type of the target strain. Deletion of amino acids within the VR2 epitope or replacement of the epitope through genetic exchange allowed strains variously to resist antibody-directed complement-mediated lysis and negated PorA-specific antibody recognition in immunoblots. The demonstration that the immunodominant antibody response was specifically for the VR2 P1.4 epitope of the PorA protein supports the public health decision to use a strain-specific vaccine for the control of New Zealand's epidemic of meningococcal disease.

scholarly journals Study on clinical profile and risk factors associated with pneumonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1926
Author(s):  
Gangina Sriram ◽  
Akula Satyanarayana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Medical College

Background: Modernization, industrialization and urbanization are now posed with the problem of increase in ARI morbidity and mortality. The epidemiological information regarding risk factors and management is scanty. A large gap exists in our knowledge about these factors, which needs to be fulfilled by systematic studies. The present study is designed to identify the risk factors of pneumonia in our area.Methods: This was a prospective clinical study of pneumonia conducted on 94 children who were admitted to Paediatric ward in GSL Medical College General Hospital, Rajahmundry in study duration. Epidemiological factors affecting the same were studied and bronchoscopy was done whenever it was needed. A detailed history of the relevant symptoms, such as fever, cough, rapid breathing, refusal of feeds, noisy breathing, bluish discolouration etc., was collected.Results: The most affected children belonged to the age group of 1 year to 3 years (64.9%). Bronchopneumonia (86.2%) was the most common clinical diagnosis made at admission. According to WHO ARI control programme, 28.7% had pneumonia, 54.3% had severe pneumonia and 17% very severe pneumonia. It was found that younger age group, malnutrition, kutcha house, crowding, poor sanitation facilities, cooking with fuel other than LPG (indoor pollution) and low socio economic status and high respiratory rate were significant risk factors for pneumonia in children.Conclusions: ARI, especially pneumonia is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Bronchopneumonia is the predominant form of presentation in infants and preschool children.  

scholarly journals A meta-analytic evaluation of sex differences in meningococcal disease incidence rates in 10 countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred S. Green ◽  
Naama Schwartz ◽  
Victoria Peer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract The magnitude and consistency of the sex differences in meningococcal disease incidence rates (IR) have not been systematically examined in different age groups, countries and time periods. We obtained national data on meningococcal disease IR by sex, age group and time period, from 10 countries. We used meta-analytic methods to combine the male to female incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by country and year for each age group. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess the contribution of age, country and time period to the variation in the IRRs. The pooled male to female IRRs (with 95% CI) for ages 0–1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14 and 15–44, were 1.25 (1.19–1.32), 1.24 (1.20–1.29), 1.13 (1.07–1.20), 1.21 (1.13–1.29) and 1.15 (1.10–1.21), respectively. In the age groups 45−64 and over 65, the IR were lower in males with IRRs of 0.83 (0.78–0.88) and 0.64 (0.60–0.69), respectively. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression confirmed that the results were robust. The excess meningococcal IR in young males and the higher rates in females at older ages were consistent in all countries, except the Czech Republic. While behavioural factors could explain some of the sex differences in the older age groups, the excess rates in very young males suggest that genetic and hormonal differences could be important.

Clinical Pattern of Pediatric Dermatoses Attending a Multi-Specialty Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1269-1273
Author(s):  
Harendra Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Skin Disease ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Seasonal Influence ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Specialty Hospital

Introduction: Pediatric dermatoses deal with skin disease in children from birth to 18 years. This age group comprises significant physiological changes, and hence the pattern of disease including skin disease is unique to them. Skin diseases are influenced by the local climatic factor and socio-economic status which differ in different geographic areas including within the country. Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze the clinical spectrum of skin disease in children from 1 day to 18 years of age and to find any seasonal influence on the disease pattern. Methodology: The study was conducted retrospectively in a multi- specialty hospital from May 2014 to April 2015. Data of children from 1 day to 18 years of age were analyzed. Demographic details like age, sex, ethnicity was noted. The month and season of the presentation were also recorded. Patient with a confirmed clinical diagnosis and adequate data was included in the study. Patients were divided into 5 age groups; neonate (0 days to 1 month), infant (1 month to 2 years), young child (2-6 years), child (6-12 years), and adolescent (12-18 years). Data were entered in Microsoft excel and analysis was done with SPSS version 22 along with the Chi-square test. Result: There were 20.65% of pediatric patients out of 3292 patients visiting skin OPD. The male to female ratio was 1.63:1. The majority of the cases (47.8%) were in the adolescent age group. Infection and infestation were the predominant diagnosis (56.02%), followed by eczema (15.88%) and urticaria (6.47%). Among infection, fungal infection was seen as the majority (26.17%).Papular urticaria and urticaria were significantly (p-value <0.05) more common in summer, while scabies was more common in the spring season (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Infection and infestation followed by eczema/dermatitis and urticaria were the three most common groups of dermatoses. There was a seasonal influence on a few common dermatoses like scabies, urticaria and papular urticaria.

The Effect of Collagen Mediated Platelet Release on Plasma Prekallikrein Activation

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (01) ◽  
pp. 037-041 ◽  
Author(s):  
K M Weerasinghe ◽  
M F Scully ◽  
V V Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Platelet Release ◽  
Collagen Treatment

SummaryCollagen mediated platelet aggregation caused -5.6 ± 6.7% inhibition and +39.1 ± 15.2% potentiation of prekallikrein activation in plasma from normal healthy volunteers between 20–40 and 50–65 years of age, respectively (n = 15, p <0.01). The amouns of platelet factor-four (PF4) released in the two groups were not significantly different. Collagen treatment in the presence of indomethacin caused +11.5 ± 3.6% and +59.6 ± 19.5% potentiation in the 20–40 and 50–65 age groups respectively (p <0.02). Adrenaline mediated platelet aggregation caused -55.2 ± 7.1% and -35.2 ± 8.3% inhibition in the 20–40 and 50–65 age groups, respectively. Collagen treatment of platelet-deficient-plasma and platelet-rich-plasma in EDTA also caused potentiation of prekallikrein activation.The results indicate that the observed degree of prekallikrein activation after platelet aggregation is a net result of the inhibitory effect of PF4 and the potentiatory effect of activated platelets. The potentiatory effect was greater after collagen treatment as compared to adrenaline treatment, and in the 50–65 age group as compared to the 20–40 age group.

Health and Nutritional Status of Orphan Children’s Living in Orphanages with Special Reference to District Anantnag of Jammu and Kashmir

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashkoor Ahmad Lone ◽  
Dr. P. Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Indian Academy ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

The practice of placing deprived children having least or no emotional and material resources, in orphanages has since long been prevailing in socio -economically poor Asian countries. A sample of 30 children residing in orphanage in district Anantnag in the age group of 13-18 years was selected for the present study. Most of the children were found socially and psychologically disturbed. As per Indian Academy Paediatrics (IAP) classification with respect to weight for age the condition was not bad that as approximately 67% percent of the children were found to be normal. In the same way height for age as per Waterloo’s classification shown that more than half of the children were normal. On clinical examination approximately 47% of children were normal, while as rest were suffering from dispigmentation of hair, moon face, xerosis of skin cheilosis, magenta tongue, spongy bleeding gums, oedema, conjuctival xerosis, and mottled dental enamel. The findings indicated that nutritional intake was deficient for all nutrients when compared to, Recommended Daily Allowances Chart (RDA) for all age groups which may be linked to poor planning of menus in orphanages.

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